The reporter learned from the Provincial Department of Agriculture that at present, the province's wheat grows from south to north and has entered the jointing period from west to east. After the jointing of wheat, it enters into the middle and later stages of growth, growth and development are in the vegetative and reproductive growth stages, and gradually the main reproductive growth. This period is a critical period for the production of crops and an important period for the prevention and control of pests and diseases. Grasping wheat field management in the middle and later stages is crucial for improving spike success rate, reducing the degradation of floret, increasing the number of grains per panicle, protecting roots and leaves, reducing pests and diseases, increasing grain weight, and further tapping the production potential. In order to do a solid job in the province's wheat management in the middle and later stages of the province, the Provincial Department of Agriculture organized the wheat division of the provincial agricultural expert advisory group, the relevant experts of the provincial wheat industry system, and related agricultural technology promotion personnel to jointly research and formulate “2014 Wheat in the Province. Field Management Technical Advice in the Middle and Late Stages.
In order to effectively guide farmers to do a good job in the management of wheat in the later period, the reporter interviewed experts from the wheat division of the provincial agricultural expert advisory group. Experts pointed out that due to the good pre-winter wheat seedlings in our province, during the winter, the temperature is high and the light is sufficient. The winter wheat is lighter and the wintering season is lighter. There are more green wintering plots. The current situation of the seedlings is well transformed, and is obviously better than before winter. , also better than the same period last year. According to inspections, the area of ​​Grade I and II seedlings in the province reached 91.1%, which was 3.5% higher than before the winter and 1.5 percentage points higher than the same period of last year. The province had an average of 863,500 mu stems, 4.72 per plant, and 8.8 secondary roots per plant, an increase of 57,300, 0.37, and 1.0, respectively, over the same period of last year. It was also significantly better than the average year. The overall seedling condition was in recent years. A good year laid a solid foundation for the bumper wheat harvest. However, we must not blindly be optimistic. We must also see some problems and hidden dangers. One is that the drought situation has aggravated. Since the beginning of winter, the average precipitation in the whole province is 17.7 mm, which is 53% less than the average. Some wheat fields with poor watering conditions have begun to experience different degrees of drought. If there is no effective rainfall in the near future, drought conditions will further increase. The second is the possibility of recurrence of pests and diseases. Due to the high temperature in the early stage, the occurrence of some areas such as sheath blight, spider mites and weeds was severe in some areas, and the harm of diseases, pests and weeds could not be ignored. The third is the hidden dangers of late lodging and suffering from cold spells. Due to the early sowing of some wheat fields or the sowing of crops, the current population is too large and the individuals are weak, and the lodging may appear late or suffer from cold spells. In view of the current situation, the next step in field management is to “encourage integration of control, control of water and fertilizer, prevention of disasters, prevention of failure, increase grain and increase weightâ€. Farmers should use the seedling system to suit their needs, highlight classification guidance, and implement various management measures. .
First of all, it is necessary to highlight the joint management of fertilizer and water. According to the analysis of experts, at present, wheat in parts of Jiaodong, Luzhong, and Lubei of our province is still in the early stage of jointing, and wheat in most parts of Lunan and southwestern Shandong is in the middle of jointing. It is a critical period for the management of fertilizer and water resources. Therefore, the first and second crops that have not been treated with spring fertilizer and water in the early stage, or wheat fields that have been returned to the green in the early spring but are not topdressing, should be topdressed and watered during the jointing stage. Fertilizer and water management at the jointing stage should be based on suitable conditions for seedling production. For wheat fields with weak fertility levels and weak groups, fertilizer and water can be used for early attack. Fertilizer and water management should be carried out in the early jointing stage to promote weaker and stronger people. For wheat fields with better soil fertility and suitable groups, fertilizers should be applied during the middle of the jointing stage. The wheat fields with good levels and large groups are required to move back as far as possible. After the jointing stage, top-dressing and watering are used to control the growth of the wheat fields. General acres catch urea 15-20 kg. Practice has proved that increasing potassium fertilization at the jointing stage of wheat has obvious effect of preventing yield loss. Therefore, high-yield plots must be combined with topdressing nitrogen fertilizer to recover 6-12 kilograms of potash. When topdressing, it is necessary to pay attention to deepening chemical fertilizers and eliminate applicators to increase fertilizer efficiency.
Second, we must pour water to fill the grouting water. Experts point out that water consumption from flowering to maturity accounts for a quarter of the total water consumption during the entire growth period, and it needs water supply to meet supply. Drought will not only affect grain weight, heading, anthesis, but also affect the number of grains per spike. Therefore, if there is no effective precipitation in the previous 10 days after flowering, the flowering water or grouting water should be poured in a timely manner to ensure the physiological water use of wheat. At the same time, the microclimate in the field can be improved, and the adverse effects of high temperature on wheat grouting can be reduced to resist the dry hot wind. Harm, increase grain plumpness and increase grain weight. During this period of watering, special attention should be paid to weather changes. Do not water in stormy weather to prevent lodging. Excessive soil moisture before maturity can affect root activity and reduce grain weight. Therefore, watering should be stopped 10 days before maturation.
Third, we must pay attention to prevention and control of "cold winter."
In recent years, wheat in our province has experienced "cold winter" frost damage at the jointing stage. Where there are watering conditions, watering before the cold wave can adjust the microclimate near the ground floor, which has a good effect on the defense against early winter freezing injury. Therefore, all localities must pay close attention to weather changes and water in time before cooling down. If cold damage occurs, try not to give up easily. Wheat is a crop with tillering properties. Wheat fields that suffer from frost damage in early spring will not freeze all of them. In addition, wheat axillary buds may grow into long-term components. As long as the management is strengthened, a good harvest can still be obtained. Therefore, if cold damage occurs in the early spring, it must be promptly remedied. The main remedial measures: First, seize the time, chase fertilizer materials. For wheat fields that suffer from frost damage, according to the degree of damage, we can quickly apply fertilizers, promote early-onset seedling growth, and increase the spike rate of high-level tillers at 2-4 levels. Generally, about 10 kilograms of urea is applied per acre; the second is cultivating soil moisture and increasing ground temperature. Time cultivating, water storage and temperature raising can effectively increase the number of tillers and make up for the loss of the main stem. Third, the application of plant growth regulators on the leaves. After wheat is frozen, timely spraying of plant cell membrane stabilizers and plant growth regulators such as sodium nitroprusside can promote the rapid growth of medium and small tillers and the rapid growth of latent shoots, and significantly increase the number of spikes and 1000-grain weight of wheat. , Significantly increase wheat yield.
Fourth, focus on the prevention and control of dry and hot winds with emphasis on “one spray and three defensesâ€. Experts pointed out that the middle and late period of wheat is the period when the concentration of diseases and insects is endangered, and it is also a frequent occurrence period of dry hot air. If the control is not effective, it will cause irreversible losses to wheat production. Therefore, we must follow the principle of “prevention first, comprehensive prevention and controlâ€, To achieve timely early prevention and early control. Practice has proved that the implementation of “one spray and three defenses†in the late stage of wheat growth is the key technology for disease prevention, pest control, and prevention of dry and hot winds, increasing grain weight, and increasing yields. It is the most direct and easiest method for preventing, reducing, and increasing production of wheat in the later period. The most effective measure. It also improves the microclimate in the field, reduces the damage caused by dry hot air, makes up for the lack of root absorption in wheat in the later period, meets the nutrients needed for growth and development of wheat, enhances the function of leaves, delays senescence, increases grain filling rate, increases grain weight, and is an important means to increase wheat yield. . According to the characteristics and trends of local diseases, insect pests and dry hot winds, farmers should select pesticides and foliar fertilizers that are suitable for disease prevention and pest control, adopt scientific formulas, and conduct uniform spraying at appropriate times.
Experts stressed that since the incidence of wheat scab in our province has been heavy in the past two years, we must attach great importance to the prevention and control of the disease this year. Fusarium head blight is an explosive and devastating disease that, once inoculated, has a major impact on yield. According to the plant protection department’s recent forecast, due to the continuous cropping of wheat and corn in our province, the large area of ​​straw returned to the farm, and the incidence of heavy crops in the past two years, a large number of bacterial sources have been accumulated in the field. In addition, some plot groups are too large and the field is closed, which is conducive to pathogen infection. In addition, most of the main wheat varieties planted in the main areas of head blight in our province are not resistant to disease. If the wheat is full of rain, foggy weather or small micro-climate in the field from full bloom to flowering, this year is still prevalent and the prevention and control tasks are very arduous. Therefore, we must pay great attention to the timing of drug use and do a good job of prevention and control at key stages. In general, the first spraying precautions should be taken before the wheat heading reaches more than 70% and the spikelets are not opened before the spikelets are opened, and then spraying again during the wheat flowering period. Can use 80% carbendazim ultrafine powder 50 grams per acre, or 50% carbendazim WP 75-100 grams of water spray. Can also be used 25% cyanoxime suspoemulsion mu with 100 ml of water spray. Focus on the uniform spraying of wheat spikes when spraying.
Experts also pointed out that in the middle and late wheat diseases and pests are wheat stubble, wheat spiders, midgeworms, powdery mildew, rust and so on. The control of wheat spiders can be controlled with 1.8% avermectin 3000 times spray; the control of wheat midge can occur from the heading of wheat to the early stage of adult emergence of flowers, with 5% cypermethrin emulsion 20-30 ml of water spray, and concurrent treatment A generation of cotton bollworm; ear canopy can be used 50% to create a fog 8-10 grams per acre spray, or 10-15 grams of 10% imidacloprid spray, and can also treat SBPH. Powdery mildew, rust can be used 20% Trifenin EC 50-75 ml per acre spray control; leaf blight and oleobiae can be used 50% carbendazim WP 75-100 grams per acre spray control. Spraying foliar fertilizer can spray 0.2%-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution or 0.2% plant cell membrane stabilizer solution during the grain-filling period, and spray 50-60 kg/mu. “One Spray, Three Preventions†spraying time is best to be sprayed on sunny days without wind at 9-11am and after 4pm. The spray volume per acre should not be less than 30kg. Pay attention to even spraying, especially pay attention to spray to the lower blades. . When wheat is sprayed during the flowering period, the pollination time should be avoided. Spraying is generally performed after 10:00 am. Before the spraying, we should pay attention to the weather forecast and avoid raining within 24 hours after the spraying, which will lead to a reduction of wheat's “one spray and three defenses†effect. High-yield wheat fields should strive to spray 2-3 times, 7-10 days interval. We must strictly abide by the safety procedures for the use of pesticides, do a good job of personnel protection, prevent pesticide poisoning, and do a good job in cleaning the pesticide application equipment.
In order to effectively guide farmers to do a good job in the management of wheat in the later period, the reporter interviewed experts from the wheat division of the provincial agricultural expert advisory group. Experts pointed out that due to the good pre-winter wheat seedlings in our province, during the winter, the temperature is high and the light is sufficient. The winter wheat is lighter and the wintering season is lighter. There are more green wintering plots. The current situation of the seedlings is well transformed, and is obviously better than before winter. , also better than the same period last year. According to inspections, the area of ​​Grade I and II seedlings in the province reached 91.1%, which was 3.5% higher than before the winter and 1.5 percentage points higher than the same period of last year. The province had an average of 863,500 mu stems, 4.72 per plant, and 8.8 secondary roots per plant, an increase of 57,300, 0.37, and 1.0, respectively, over the same period of last year. It was also significantly better than the average year. The overall seedling condition was in recent years. A good year laid a solid foundation for the bumper wheat harvest. However, we must not blindly be optimistic. We must also see some problems and hidden dangers. One is that the drought situation has aggravated. Since the beginning of winter, the average precipitation in the whole province is 17.7 mm, which is 53% less than the average. Some wheat fields with poor watering conditions have begun to experience different degrees of drought. If there is no effective rainfall in the near future, drought conditions will further increase. The second is the possibility of recurrence of pests and diseases. Due to the high temperature in the early stage, the occurrence of some areas such as sheath blight, spider mites and weeds was severe in some areas, and the harm of diseases, pests and weeds could not be ignored. The third is the hidden dangers of late lodging and suffering from cold spells. Due to the early sowing of some wheat fields or the sowing of crops, the current population is too large and the individuals are weak, and the lodging may appear late or suffer from cold spells. In view of the current situation, the next step in field management is to “encourage integration of control, control of water and fertilizer, prevention of disasters, prevention of failure, increase grain and increase weightâ€. Farmers should use the seedling system to suit their needs, highlight classification guidance, and implement various management measures. .
First of all, it is necessary to highlight the joint management of fertilizer and water. According to the analysis of experts, at present, wheat in parts of Jiaodong, Luzhong, and Lubei of our province is still in the early stage of jointing, and wheat in most parts of Lunan and southwestern Shandong is in the middle of jointing. It is a critical period for the management of fertilizer and water resources. Therefore, the first and second crops that have not been treated with spring fertilizer and water in the early stage, or wheat fields that have been returned to the green in the early spring but are not topdressing, should be topdressed and watered during the jointing stage. Fertilizer and water management at the jointing stage should be based on suitable conditions for seedling production. For wheat fields with weak fertility levels and weak groups, fertilizer and water can be used for early attack. Fertilizer and water management should be carried out in the early jointing stage to promote weaker and stronger people. For wheat fields with better soil fertility and suitable groups, fertilizers should be applied during the middle of the jointing stage. The wheat fields with good levels and large groups are required to move back as far as possible. After the jointing stage, top-dressing and watering are used to control the growth of the wheat fields. General acres catch urea 15-20 kg. Practice has proved that increasing potassium fertilization at the jointing stage of wheat has obvious effect of preventing yield loss. Therefore, high-yield plots must be combined with topdressing nitrogen fertilizer to recover 6-12 kilograms of potash. When topdressing, it is necessary to pay attention to deepening chemical fertilizers and eliminate applicators to increase fertilizer efficiency.
Second, we must pour water to fill the grouting water. Experts point out that water consumption from flowering to maturity accounts for a quarter of the total water consumption during the entire growth period, and it needs water supply to meet supply. Drought will not only affect grain weight, heading, anthesis, but also affect the number of grains per spike. Therefore, if there is no effective precipitation in the previous 10 days after flowering, the flowering water or grouting water should be poured in a timely manner to ensure the physiological water use of wheat. At the same time, the microclimate in the field can be improved, and the adverse effects of high temperature on wheat grouting can be reduced to resist the dry hot wind. Harm, increase grain plumpness and increase grain weight. During this period of watering, special attention should be paid to weather changes. Do not water in stormy weather to prevent lodging. Excessive soil moisture before maturity can affect root activity and reduce grain weight. Therefore, watering should be stopped 10 days before maturation.
Third, we must pay attention to prevention and control of "cold winter."
In recent years, wheat in our province has experienced "cold winter" frost damage at the jointing stage. Where there are watering conditions, watering before the cold wave can adjust the microclimate near the ground floor, which has a good effect on the defense against early winter freezing injury. Therefore, all localities must pay close attention to weather changes and water in time before cooling down. If cold damage occurs, try not to give up easily. Wheat is a crop with tillering properties. Wheat fields that suffer from frost damage in early spring will not freeze all of them. In addition, wheat axillary buds may grow into long-term components. As long as the management is strengthened, a good harvest can still be obtained. Therefore, if cold damage occurs in the early spring, it must be promptly remedied. The main remedial measures: First, seize the time, chase fertilizer materials. For wheat fields that suffer from frost damage, according to the degree of damage, we can quickly apply fertilizers, promote early-onset seedling growth, and increase the spike rate of high-level tillers at 2-4 levels. Generally, about 10 kilograms of urea is applied per acre; the second is cultivating soil moisture and increasing ground temperature. Time cultivating, water storage and temperature raising can effectively increase the number of tillers and make up for the loss of the main stem. Third, the application of plant growth regulators on the leaves. After wheat is frozen, timely spraying of plant cell membrane stabilizers and plant growth regulators such as sodium nitroprusside can promote the rapid growth of medium and small tillers and the rapid growth of latent shoots, and significantly increase the number of spikes and 1000-grain weight of wheat. , Significantly increase wheat yield.
Fourth, focus on the prevention and control of dry and hot winds with emphasis on “one spray and three defensesâ€. Experts pointed out that the middle and late period of wheat is the period when the concentration of diseases and insects is endangered, and it is also a frequent occurrence period of dry hot air. If the control is not effective, it will cause irreversible losses to wheat production. Therefore, we must follow the principle of “prevention first, comprehensive prevention and controlâ€, To achieve timely early prevention and early control. Practice has proved that the implementation of “one spray and three defenses†in the late stage of wheat growth is the key technology for disease prevention, pest control, and prevention of dry and hot winds, increasing grain weight, and increasing yields. It is the most direct and easiest method for preventing, reducing, and increasing production of wheat in the later period. The most effective measure. It also improves the microclimate in the field, reduces the damage caused by dry hot air, makes up for the lack of root absorption in wheat in the later period, meets the nutrients needed for growth and development of wheat, enhances the function of leaves, delays senescence, increases grain filling rate, increases grain weight, and is an important means to increase wheat yield. . According to the characteristics and trends of local diseases, insect pests and dry hot winds, farmers should select pesticides and foliar fertilizers that are suitable for disease prevention and pest control, adopt scientific formulas, and conduct uniform spraying at appropriate times.
Experts stressed that since the incidence of wheat scab in our province has been heavy in the past two years, we must attach great importance to the prevention and control of the disease this year. Fusarium head blight is an explosive and devastating disease that, once inoculated, has a major impact on yield. According to the plant protection department’s recent forecast, due to the continuous cropping of wheat and corn in our province, the large area of ​​straw returned to the farm, and the incidence of heavy crops in the past two years, a large number of bacterial sources have been accumulated in the field. In addition, some plot groups are too large and the field is closed, which is conducive to pathogen infection. In addition, most of the main wheat varieties planted in the main areas of head blight in our province are not resistant to disease. If the wheat is full of rain, foggy weather or small micro-climate in the field from full bloom to flowering, this year is still prevalent and the prevention and control tasks are very arduous. Therefore, we must pay great attention to the timing of drug use and do a good job of prevention and control at key stages. In general, the first spraying precautions should be taken before the wheat heading reaches more than 70% and the spikelets are not opened before the spikelets are opened, and then spraying again during the wheat flowering period. Can use 80% carbendazim ultrafine powder 50 grams per acre, or 50% carbendazim WP 75-100 grams of water spray. Can also be used 25% cyanoxime suspoemulsion mu with 100 ml of water spray. Focus on the uniform spraying of wheat spikes when spraying.
Experts also pointed out that in the middle and late wheat diseases and pests are wheat stubble, wheat spiders, midgeworms, powdery mildew, rust and so on. The control of wheat spiders can be controlled with 1.8% avermectin 3000 times spray; the control of wheat midge can occur from the heading of wheat to the early stage of adult emergence of flowers, with 5% cypermethrin emulsion 20-30 ml of water spray, and concurrent treatment A generation of cotton bollworm; ear canopy can be used 50% to create a fog 8-10 grams per acre spray, or 10-15 grams of 10% imidacloprid spray, and can also treat SBPH. Powdery mildew, rust can be used 20% Trifenin EC 50-75 ml per acre spray control; leaf blight and oleobiae can be used 50% carbendazim WP 75-100 grams per acre spray control. Spraying foliar fertilizer can spray 0.2%-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution or 0.2% plant cell membrane stabilizer solution during the grain-filling period, and spray 50-60 kg/mu. “One Spray, Three Preventions†spraying time is best to be sprayed on sunny days without wind at 9-11am and after 4pm. The spray volume per acre should not be less than 30kg. Pay attention to even spraying, especially pay attention to spray to the lower blades. . When wheat is sprayed during the flowering period, the pollination time should be avoided. Spraying is generally performed after 10:00 am. Before the spraying, we should pay attention to the weather forecast and avoid raining within 24 hours after the spraying, which will lead to a reduction of wheat's “one spray and three defenses†effect. High-yield wheat fields should strive to spray 2-3 times, 7-10 days interval. We must strictly abide by the safety procedures for the use of pesticides, do a good job of personnel protection, prevent pesticide poisoning, and do a good job in cleaning the pesticide application equipment.
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