The good varieties of corn determine one of the main factors of whether the product is high-yield. Of course, many people will buy unqualified seeds, which will seriously affect economic benefits. Huinong School teaches you how to produce high-yield and high-quality seeds.
1. Preparation before seed production
1.1 Separation area selection and isolation The plots for the preparation of hybrids are called hybrid seed isolation areas. The number of quarantine areas varies depending on the type of reproduction. For the preparation of single crosses, three isolation zones are required, namely two inbred breeding areas and one hybrid seeding area; three parental inbred breeding areas are required to prepare three crosses, but in the preparation of single crosses and In the case of three crosses, the isolation is safe, the female parent is timely and thorough, and the parental inbred line of the seeding area can continue to be used, and only three isolation zones are needed. Four isolation zones are required for the preparation of double crosses. In order to ensure the safety of seed production in isolation areas, the methods of isolation are generally divided into space isolation, time isolation, and obstacle isolation.
Space isolation: It is not allowed to plant other varieties of corn within a certain distance around the isolation zone to prevent the alien pollen. The spatial isolation of the inbred line breeding isolation zone should be no less than 500m, the single-crossing seed zone should be no less than 400m, the double-crossing seed zone should be no less than 300m, and the north-south direction should be 150-200m. In windy areas, especially in the lower winds of other corn or low-lying areas, the isolation distance should be appropriately increased.
Time isolation: the sowing date of the corn in the isolation zone is staggered from the sowing date of other corns in the vicinity. Generally, the spring sowing corn has a wrong period of 35 to 40 days, and the summer sowing corn has a wrong period of 25 to 30 days, but it depends on the local natural conditions. Flexible to master.
Obstacle isolation: It is the use of natural barriers such as mountains, houses and forest belts as isolation belts to prevent the mixing of foreign pollen. It is also possible to plant high-stalk crops such as sorghum and hemp around the isolation zone, but the number of rows of high-stalk crops should not be too small. Inbred line breeding areas, the number of high-stalk crops is not less than 100 rows, and the seed-growing area is 50m. Above, and high-stalk crops should be properly planted early, and management should be strengthened to ensure that the plant height of high-stalk crops exceeds the height of corn at the time of corn heading. It is also possible to plant a parental line (30 lines, line spacing 0.75m) for isolation.
In addition to ensuring isolation safety, the isolation zone should also use soil fertility, uniform ground force, flat terrain, convenient drainage and irrigation, and the land covered by drought and flood to ensure the plant grows neatly and consistently, so that it is easy to complete the field and the female parent in a short period of time. And guarantee the quality.
1.2 Formulating the sowing date adjustment plan On the basis of a detailed investigation of the parents' flowering period, it is reasonable to formulate the parent's own sowing date plan; to ensure that the flowering period meets, this is the key to the success of the seed production. The flowering encounter means that the silking period of the female parent meets the father's loose powdering period. If the flowering period of the parents is the same or the maternal flowering period is 2 to 3 days earlier than the male parent, the parents can plant the same period; if the flowering period of the two parents is more than 5 days, the sowing date needs to be adjusted to make the flowering period meet. The adjustment method is to select the parent who has a late flowering period, and then broadcast another parent after a certain number of days. If the mother's silking period is 2 to 3 days earlier than the father's loose powder, it is the most ideal flowering period. This is because the viability of the mother silk can be maintained for 6 to 7 days, while the father's loose powder time is better. Short, (generally 4 to 5 days, while pollen can only survive for several hours in the field), so the adjustment of the sowing date should be based on the principle of "nother mother and other father, not father and mother." It should be noted that the number of days in which the flowering period of the parents differs is not equal to the number of days in which the seeding period differs. Because the parents of the early seeding are slow in growth due to low temperature in the early stage, the number of days in the wrong period should be several days longer than the flowering period. The number of days in which parents have a difference in the sowing date is 1.0 to 1.5 times the number of days in the flowering period. If the flowering period of the parents is 6 to 7 days, the sowing date is staggered for 12 to 14 days.
The parental adjustment of the sowing date is based on the difference in the number of days and the number of leaves of the two parents, that is, if the male parent is earlier than the female parent, the difference between the parental and the wrong seeding should be the parent and female heading. The number of days difference is 4 to 5 days. However, adjusting the sowing date according to the growth period is often affected by weather changes and farming conditions. It is not accurate enough, and it is more reliable to adjust the sowing date according to the number of leaves of the father and the female parent. For example, if the total number of leaves in the two parental stages is the same, the female parent will be sown first, and when the female parent grows out 1 or 2 leaves, the male parent can be re-supplied to ensure that the flowering period meets; if the male parent is later than the female parent , the mother will be broadcast early, the number of days of early broadcast should be the difference between the two parents in the heading period and then subtracted 4 to 5 days; if the parents have the same growth period, the mother can be broadcast 3 to 4 days or the mother The seeds are soaked for 8 to 12 hours, and then planted at the same time as the male parent.
1.3 Land preparation and fertilization before sowing In order to prevent the climatic conditions of early spring drought and spring cold, spring maize should be completed by deep tillage and fertilization before winter. The basic practice is: immediately after the harvest, immediately cultivated land (25 ~ 30cm) to kill cockroaches, timely 耙耱 耙耱, and in the winter before the winter irrigation, water storage and protection. In order to prevent pests and diseases, corn should be rotated for 2 to 3 years. The amount of corn needed is large, and the fertilization should be based on the base fertilizer. Before winter, the organic fertilizer should be applied in 3,000-6,000 kg/mu, the superphosphate should be 25-30 kg/mu, or the nitrogen fertilizer should be 15-20 kg/mu. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is 3:2:1.
2, suitable sowing
When planting, the male parent should be planted according to the method of full star plus plus, and the density of the female parent should be appropriately increased according to the characteristic characteristics of the variety. The depth of the hole is 2 to 3 cm, and 2 to 3 seeds per hole are covered with wet soil. According to the pre-planning plan in advance, the soil moisture and soil temperature are stable and started to be planted at 10 °C; the father is planted in two phases, 5 to 8 days apart, and the seeding rate is 0.6 to 1.0 kg. 50%. The mother's sowing amount is 3 to 4 kg per mu, and the parental ratio is 1:4.
3. Field management
3.1 Seedling management in the three-leaf one-heart time seedlings, five leaves and one heart when the seedlings are fixed, when the seedlings are removed, the sick seedlings, weak seedlings, small seedlings, long seedlings, deformed seedlings are removed, and the growth and robustness, uniform seedlings, mu seedlings, female parent 4500~ About 5,000, the father's seedlings are 1000 to 1200. In order to ensure the uniformity of the seedlings, the irrigated land is controlled to water the seedlings when the height of the seedlings is 15~25cm, and the seedlings are planted to promote the rooting of the roots to improve the water absorption and drought resistance of the seedlings. The requirements for water and fertilizer in the seedling stage are not too strict. If the bottom fertilizer is sufficient, it is generally not topdressing, but it is necessary to strengthen the management of water and fertilizer for the seedlings with weak growth potential, and the fertilizer and partial water should ensure the uniform growth before the jointing. At the seedling stage, attention should be paid to weeding and pest control.
To prevent and control the slime-feeding seedlings, it is possible to use 5% of Fuling 3000 times solution or 20% of pyrethroid 2000 times solution for spray control. In addition, it is necessary to prevent underground pests such as tigers and cockroaches.
3.2 Management of earing stage management should focus on four aspects:
Get mixed. In order to ensure the purity of hybrid seeds, from the jointing stage to the heading stage, the tissues should be strictly removed 3 to 5 times. Pay special attention to the father to remove the impurities, and focus on cutting tall plants, mutant plants, and suspected plants to make the plants at the same level. .
Go to the male. It is a key link in seed production. Always take the touch and bring the leaves (1 to 2 pieces) to go ahead and go to the male, and at the end of the big bell mouth, you can start to go to the male. During the period of going to the male, every time before 10:00 am and after 5:00 pm, every time you smoke, you can get wind and rain, and check the plants one by one, leaving no sticks or dead ends. The tassel does not leave the field and must take it home. During the process of emasculation, the "three types of seedlings", namely seedlings, weak seedlings and diseased seedlings, are removed at the same time.
Water and fertilizer management. The ear of corn is a period of vegetative growth and reproductive growth, and fertilizer should be added. Top dressing is generally divided into two times: chasing one time before and after jointing, mainly with available nitrogen; one time before and after tasseling. The topdressing should be light and heavy before use. The NPK should be used in combination with each other. The micro-fertilizer should be applied in an appropriate amount. 0.5-1.0kg of zinc sulfate should be applied per mu. The fertilizer should be applied to the father to promote the plant robustness and increase the amount of pollen. The water supply should be sufficient and timely, especially in the large bell period, the field water holding capacity is required to be 70% to 80%, and the "ka neck drought" should be strictly prevented. In case of flooding, it is necessary to drain in time.
Pest Control. In this period, in addition to spraying pesticides on the spot, it is necessary to remove the diseased plants and residual leaves in time to reduce the source of the disease and the source of the insects. In the corn big bell period, 200g of 5% Jinggangmycin soluble powder per acre is mixed with 20~25kg of sterile fine soil, which is applied to the big bell mouth of corn, which can effectively prevent and control diseases and insect pests.
3.3 Flowering Management The focus of flowering management is on the regulation of flowering in the field. The mother is earlier than the father's method of adjustment: one is to strengthen the father's water and fertilizer management, and promote the growth of the father; the second is to delay the time of the mother to go to the male, until the powder will be scattered, to delay the growth of the ear, but pay special attention The mother should go to the male time to avoid the influence of loose powder on the quality of the seed; the third is to cut the silk flower if the mother is prematurely silking; the fourth is to spray the male parent with a 500-fold aqueous solution of potassium dihydrogen phosphate to promote early flowering. If the above measures have not yet reached the flowering period, the number of days in which the flowering period differs should be re-estimated according to the actual situation at the time, and then the first ear of the female parent is removed, the quick-acting fertilizer is reapplied, and the second ear is promoted rapidly. Growing.
If the father is earlier than the female parent: the father can take the heart leaf (3 ~ 7cm), the root (from the main stem 15 ~ 20cm vertical cut off the lateral root) and other measures to deal with, the root direction should be parallel with the local main wind direction. Or spray 20mg/kg of "9:20" and 1% urea mixture on the mother's foliar surface to strengthen the parent water and fertilizer management for the female parent; or the male parent can be emascated early, when the male spike tip just reveals the parietal lobe If it is unplugged, if necessary, when the tassel does not expose the parietal lobe, pull the tassel together with 1 or 2 leaves to concentrate the nutrients on the ears, so as to prematurely 3 to 5 days, such as the maternal leaf. Too much, the silk is late, you can also cut off the mother's leaves, and promote the maternal premature silking.
In the pollen period, around 10 o'clock every day, in the absence of dew, take a rope and pull back and forth on the male parent once a day, to help pollinate.
After the second period of the father's tassel pollen is finished, it is necessary to cut off the male parent in time, so that it can save water and fertilizer, reduce the inefficient consumption of nutrients, create suitable ventilation conditions for the mother, and prevent mixing during harvesting, thus ensuring The purity and germination rate of the seeds.
3.4 Distribution and Separation For the slow-dehydration varieties, the dehydration pretreatment should be carried out in advance by taking the stalks to dry the stalks, drying the stalks, drying the stalks, and combining the sorghum with the sorghum. Parents who are mature at the same time should divide the parent and mother of the ear, transport the parental ear, and collect the other parental ear. Pay special attention to not harvesting. If the ear that falls on the ground cannot distinguish between the parent and the mother, it should be collected separately for food treatment. The ears that are transported back should be strictly divided into piles and sun-dried, and the ears and the ears should be threshed. The ear (or seed) collected by the female parent in the single-crossing seed production area is a single cross, and the shape is not significantly different from the female parent and the inbred line. The harvested ears of different isolation areas should be strictly separated from the whole process of harvesting, transportation, turning, threshing and packaging to prevent mechanical mixing. When the seeds are bagged, labels should be placed inside and outside the bag, indicating the seed name, harvest year, seed production unit, grade and quantity. After registration, the special library will be stored and stored, and it will be kept by special personnel and checked regularly.
The above is a very detailed introduction to how to produce high-quality corn seeds, farmers must still have the patience to digest the long text and apply it to practice.
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