Mechanized straw smashing directly to the field of technology, is the use of straw crusher corn after the picking and sorghum, wheat and other crop stalks on-site crush, evenly thrown on the surface, then plowing into the soil, so that rot decomposition, to achieve a large area distribution Fertilizer purpose. 1. Principles and Effects Mechanized straw comminution and direct returning technology is of great significance in improving the performance of soils, cultivating soil fertility, and promoting the continuous increase of crop yields and incomes. (1) Fertilize soil fertility, improve soil aggregate structure and physical and chemical properties, and increase yield. Crop straw contains essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur and other crops, and is a rich fertilizer resource. In addition, crop stalks are comminuted and ploughed, and mineralized during the decomposition process to release nutrients and humification at the same time, so that some organic compounds are condensed and dehydrated to form more complex humus, thereby improving the structure of the soil and maintaining water and fertilizer. The ability of temperature and gas, the increase of soil organic matter content, and the nutrient structure tend to be reasonable. According to the data, the amount of returning soil after straw returning can increase 0.025% to 0.15% of organic matter: the soil bulk density decreases by 0.057% to 0.167%, and the porosity increases by 2% to 6%. Loose soil, improved ventilation, reduced ploughing ratio, increased water and nutrient storage capacity. (2) There are obvious social and economic benefits. Straw crushing and returning land improved the soil, increased organic matter content, eliminated pests and diseases, alleviated the current contradiction of fertilizer shortages, and enhanced the development potential of agriculture. Mechanized direct smashing and returning to the field enables manual operations such as digging, picking, tying, transporting, picking, spreading, and turning to be completed in one operation. The production efficiency is increased by 40 to 120 times, and when laboriously rushing for agriculture, the number of processes is reduced, labor is saved, and labor intensity is reduced. Prevents serious air pollution caused by the burning of straw. Straw comminution yields significant yield increase, and the cost of returning machinery is only 1/4 of the cost of artificial return. 2. The mechanized operation process straw smashing and returning to land can promote grain production, but only in accordance with the process procedures set to achieve the intended purpose. (1) Wheat stalk crushing process. In practice, there are two kinds of mechanization techniques for wheat stalk crushing and returning to the field: 1 Mini-harvesting machine leaves sorghum at harvest, straw smashes and returns to field crushing, throwing, and sowing; 2 Combine harvesting→ Straw crushing and returning to field crushing, scattering and sowing→ Sowing . (2) Maize straw smashing returning process. Maize straw smashing and returning to mechanization process: 1 Picking → Straw crushing and returning machine smashing, scattering → Fertilization → Rotary tilling (or cultivating) → Deep ploughing → Capping → Seeding; 2 Corn harvester (with crushing machine) Harvesting Straw crushing and scattering → Fertilization → Rotary tilling (or rake) → Deep tillage → Capping → Seeding. 3. Mechanized operation implementation points The following describes the main points of implementation of corn stalk crushing operations. (1) Corn picking. Without affecting the yield, the stalks are green and the ear is picked early, and the stalks are removed together. (2) straw smash. After the ears of corn have been picked, they are crushed with straws and returned to the field. When operating, attention should be paid to selecting the tractor operating gear and adjusting the height of the stubble. The crushed length should not exceed 10 cm. Corn stalks cannot be crushed after being knocked down, otherwise not only can most stalks be crushed, but also because the position of the comminution field returning work parts is too low, the blade will increase the load against the ground, and even cause the transmission components to be damaged. The ground clearance of the working part should be controlled more than 5 cm. In addition, to achieve timely smashing, the best comminution period of corn stalks is when the corn matures, the straw is green, and the moisture content is above 30%. At this time, the straw itself contains sugar and moisture, and it is easily crushed, which is greatly beneficial for accelerating decomposition and increasing soil nutrients. (3) Fertilization. When corn rot decomposes in the soil, it must absorb the original nitrogen, phosphorus and water in the soil. Therefore, when the base fertilizer is insufficient, straw decomposition and crop water competition and fertilizer phenomenon will occur, affecting the crop production development. To this end, a certain amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers should be applied. In general, 7500 dry grams of straw should be returned per hectare, and 67.5 kg of nitrogen and 22.5 dry grams of pure phosphorus (or 300-750 kg of available nitrogen fertilizer or 150-225 kg of urea) should be applied. In order to speed up the straw decomposition, as soon as possible into effective nutrients, but also to prevent disputes with the wheat seedlings. (4) Rotary tillage or stubble. After corn stalks are crushed and chemical fertilizers are applied back to the field, they must be irrigated or smashed immediately to make the stalks evenly distributed in the 0-10 cm soil layer. The corn root pods are cut and mixed again in the process of mixing with the soil. Longer stalks to facilitate full decomposition. (5) Deep plowing. Depth of tillage requires 20-25 centimeters, through ploughing, pressing, and covering. Eliminates the soil overhead caused by straw and creates conditions for planting. Deep ploughs, circular squeegee, and wooden implements for large and medium-sized tractors can be used to complete ploughing, repression, and hoeing. Or use a small tractor with a single zinc plough to cover the cultivator, with a minimum depth of 23 cm. (6) sowing. Before the planting of wheat, it is necessary to pour enough water to collapse the soil and promote the decomposition of the straw. It is necessary to finely prepare the soil, use saggers, destroy the dark and bright slag, reach the level of the ground, and further solve the problem of soil overheads, so that the soil is empty and real. It is best to use a planter with a disc type opener so that the roots or stalks do not affect the quality of sowing. (7) Watering. Corn stalks in the soil decompose when the water demand is large, if not timely replenishment, not only slow decomposition, but also compete with the wheat seedlings. Therefore, it is necessary to pour frozen water, which is particularly important for the winter wheat that is returned to the field. In the spring of the coming year, it is necessary to pour green water early in time to promote decomposition of the straw and ensure the water needed for the normal growth and development of the wheat seedlings. 4. Straw comminution and returning machinery At present, the structure and working principle of various straw comminution and returning machines produced in China are roughly the same. Mainly by the rack, knife shaft, shields, transmissions, suspension lifting mechanism, walking support wheel and other components. Common straw smashing and returning machine models: (1) 4JF-40 straw smashing and returning machine. Produced by the Zhaoxian Agricultural Machinery Repair Factory in Hebei Province, and matched with a 120-150 small four-wheel tractor (front-mounted full suspension), the crop stalk (corn, wheat) after harvesting the ear can be directly crushed and returned to the field. (2) 4Q series (1.5, 2 type) straw chopper. It is produced in Shijiazhuang City Agricultural Machinery Factory and is equipped with Shanghai-50 and Tie Niu-55 tractors. The working parts are hammer claw type. The model has good shredding performance on rice straw soft straw and corn, sorghum, cotton and other hard straw. (3) 4F series (1.5, 2, 1.5A, 2A type) straw smashing returning machine. Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, the second agricultural machinery factory production. It is matched with 50, 55, 60 and 75 type (semi-suspension, suspension), and it is mainly used for smashing of straw and vegetable stems such as corn, sorghum, rice and wheat erected or laid in the field, and the natural disintegration of broken straw is uniform. 4F1. Type 5A tail with adjustable diffusion device and full depth limit device, more adaptable. (4) XFP series (1200, 1300 type). It is produced by the 850 Machinery Factory of Heilongjiang Province and is a stalk crushing and returning device that is matched with the self-propelled grain combine harvester. It is directly connected with the tail of the combine harvester and uses the power of the combine harvester to drive its working parts. At the same time as the joint harvesting, the crop stems are crushed and scattered back to the field. 5. Use of straw smashing and returning machinery (1) Preparation of equipment before operation. Straw comminution and returning machinery must carefully check whether the attachments of the implement are reliable, whether the fasteners are loose and whether the rotating components are flexible before the operation. If it is loose or if it is difficult to rotate, remove it in time. According to the instructions required to add lubricants. One by one, inspect the quality and installation quality of the blade, cutter shaft, etc. The cutter shaft deformation and blade damage should be repaired or replaced in time. After the inspection, perform a no-load test run to confirm that the components are in good operating condition before proceeding. (2) Machine operations. When the implement is started, it is required to start with a low load and start the engine at a low speed. After the engine reaches the rated speed, operations can be performed. Otherwise, the power output shaft and the splined sleeve may be damaged due to sudden engagement, and the impact may be excessively severe, and this may easily cause plugging. During the operation, the grass should be cleared in time, and the operation of the belt protective cover must not be removed. The removal of the grass or troubleshooting must be stopped. When operating the equipment, it is forbidden to turn or reverse the load. It is forbidden to carry out or follow the person in front of or behind the machine when the machine is running, so as to avoid throwing hard debris to hurt people. The lifting of the equipment should not be too fast, nor too high or too low, so as to avoid damage to the locomotive and machinery. During the operation, attention should be paid to clearing and avoiding obstacles such as bandits and stumps, and the headings should be kept in a turning zone of 3 to 5 meters. When transferring the plot, the spindle rotation must be stopped. During operation, the degree of tension of the belt should be inspected at any time to prevent the spindle shaft speed from decreasing and affecting the grinding quality or accelerating belt wear.
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