Open bean cultivation in spring

(1) Preparing the field for cultivation. Spring open field cultivation is the most important bean cultivation season in China. Planting area *, and market volume *. Beans have strong drought resistance, but are afraid of waterlogging. It is better to choose sandy loam or loamy soil with deep soil layers, good ventilation and drainage. In order to reduce the disease, rotation with other vegetables is suitable for 2-3 years. Phaseolus vulgaris is sensitive to salt damage and is not suitable for cultivation on saline-alkali soils. It is selected as a plot for spring bean cultivation. It is deep-turned after pulling the seedlings in the fall of last year. It can experience the pests in the frozen dead soil after the cold winter. To increase soil temperature and maintain moisture, it is conducive to seed germination, root growth and rhizobium activity. In order to ensure sufficient nutrition supply and increase yield, bottom fertilizer should be applied before hoeing. Generally, 3000-5000 kg of rotten organic fertilizer is applied per mu. In the north, flat rafters are used, in the south, it is rained heavily, and in high ditch, deep trenches are used.

(2) Direct seeding and seedling colonization Due to the weak regeneration ability of bean bean roots, open seed cultivation in spring is usually used for direct seeding, especially in northern regions. The sowing period is selected a few days before frost. The temperature of the soil layer 10 cm is required to be stable at 10 ° C. The northern area is generally in the first half of April, the area south of the Yangtze River is late March to early April, and the south China area can be sown in late February. A few days before sowing, water the moisturizer properly. Do not water too much to avoid rotten seeds. Spring sowing beans have a low temperature in the early growth stage, and the main vines grow slowly, which can increase the row spacing and reduce the plant spacing. This can not only win good light but also be beneficial to the occurrence of side branches. The width of the lettuce is 1.2-1.5 meters and the row spacing is 70-80 cm. Sowing two rows, planting 30-40 cm apart, sowing 3-4 seeds per hole, raising the stand or adopting tall and short intercropping. Dwarf lettuce can shorten the row spacing to 35-40 cm, that is, three rows of 1.0-1.2 meters wide sown sows, and the plant spacing is 15-20 cm.

Early spring in the south tends to be cold and rainy, and live broadcasts of vegetable fields are easy to rot. In order to prevent this, seedlings are often raised in advance in protected areas and then planted in open fields. Since the late 1970s, spring bean cultivation in the north has also generally adopted nutrient bowls or nutritious earth nurseries, which have achieved good results of early maturity and high yield. The time to market can be 7-10 days earlier than direct seeding cultivation. In order to cultivate strong seedlings, nutrition should be rich in nutrients. Generally use fertile garden soil 60% -70%, decomposed manure and manure 20% -30%, superphosphate 1% -2%, ammonium nitrate 0.5%, plant ash 5% -10%, broken and sieved, uniform mixing.

Seeding date based on nursery

The planting period and the seedling age are determined. The planting period requires the ground temperature to be stable above 10 ° C, and the air temperature to be above 3-4 ° C. The age of planting seedlings should not be too large, so as to avoid serious root injury, it is advisable to be around 25 days. Due to the different climatic conditions in different regions, the seeding and planting periods of kidney beans are also different. In North China, planting is mostly from late February to early March, and southern provinces are from late January to late February. Sowing time is usually after 10 o'clock in the morning. Water the seedling bowl or nutrient earth first, dig holes for seeding after the water seeps, sow 3-4 seeds per hole. Cover 5 cm thick fine soil after sowing. The whole seedling period is generally not watered. The temperature after sowing is maintained at 20-25 ° C. After the cotyledons are deployed, the temperature is maintained at 15-20 ° C during the day and 10-15 ° C at night. Amplify the wind exercise 4-5 days before planting, and the night temperature drops to 8-12 ° C. At the same time, strengthen cultivating to protect the moth. Planting after late frost, the density is the same as direct seeding cultivation. After planting, water the roots to slow down the seedlings, and the amount of watering should be small.

(3) Field management of bean cultivation in the open field in spring. Generally, the seedlings will be ready after two weeks after sowing. However, due to the low temperature in early spring and poor climatic conditions, seedling deficiency may occur. Although some seedlings grow, they emerge too late, or the seedlings are too weak, and the basal two leaves are not sound. Lack of seedlings or weak seedlings will inevitably affect yield. Therefore, when the stem leaves are unfolded, check the seedlings and find that the weak seedlings are pulled out in time, and the strong seedlings are replanted in the hole lacking the seedlings. The seedlings used for supplementary seedlings are cultivated with seedling bowls or nutritious earth at the same time as the open field sowing. Some hole seedlings are normal, but there are only 1-2 trees, and they need to be replenished. To ensure that 3-4 normal seedlings per hole.

After the direct seedlings are unearthed and the planted seedlings are survived, cultivating loose soil should be carried out to promote the soil to heat up under the sun and improve the soil permeability to create good conditions for the growth of bean root system and rhizobium activity. . Cultivate deeper between rows and between plants, and shallower near the roots of the plants to avoid damaging the roots. When the lettuce starts to simmer, insert the frame in time. Generally, insert an adult character frame or a herringbone flower frame. Properly induce the vines so that the vines of each plant are evenly distributed on the pole.

Before the plant blooms and pods, it is generally only cultivated without watering, that is, squatting. Control the water during this period to prevent the plants from growing too vigorously and consuming too many nutrients, resulting in poor development of the flowers and pods due to insufficient nutrition, and falling flowers and pods. If the condition is good, you can water it after pod formation. Only when the soil is too dry, a small amount of water is poured before flowering, and it must enter the pod-bearing period. Sufficient water must be supplied during this period. If there is no water, the pods grow slowly, the pod wall fibers increase, the yield is low, and the quality is poor. Water is poured every 5-7 days throughout the pod-setting period to stabilize the soil temperature at 60% -70% of the field * water holding capacity. In order to keep the soil well ventilated and avoid hoe roots, it should be lightly and frequently poured in hot season.

In the early stages of plant growth, if the plant is growing vigorously, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied should be controlled, or no nitrogen fertilizer should be applied. At the pod-setting stage, the growth of plants, flowers, and pods consumes a lot of nutrients, which is the key topdressing stage. Topdressing during this period can prevent premature senescence and prolong the pod setting period. If there is a lack of fertilizer and water, the plant will quickly senesce and die. Topdressing is mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. In addition to root application, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be used for foliar application. Topdressing is better with decomposed human and animal manure.

(4) The harvesting standard for picking beans is that the young pods are fully grown, the thick sutures on both sides are small, the pod wall is tender, the fiber is low, and the sugar content is high. . The harvesting time varies depending on the use mode. Those that are fed with young pods can be harvested about 10 days after flowering; those that are stored for quick freezing and canned processing, in order to meet uniform shape and size specifications, 5-6 days after flowering Tender pods are harvested; those that feed on seeds are harvested 20-30 days after flowering when the seeds are fully mature.

(5) Spring bean regenerating cultivation When the harvest of young bean pods cultivated in the open field in spring is not over, continue to supply plants with sufficient fertilizer to prevent senescence, promote the occurrence of axillary buds, grow new branches, and bloom and pod again, which is called regenerating cultivation. The specific measures are: after the spring stubble tender pods are harvested, the fertilizer is applied 2-3 times in succession to maintain good vegetative growth of the plant, promote the occurrence of lateral vines and grow a large number of inflorescences, and the latent flowers on the top of the main vines are also good for nutrition And began to pod. Generally, regenerated beans can be harvested after about 15 days, and the harvest period can be extended by about 1 month. It can supplement the supply during the off-season and increase the yield by 20% -30%. Sufficient fertilizer and water make the plant grow vigorously and robustly in the later period, and it is necessary to prevent diseases and insect pests in time, and remove the old yellow leaves below 50 cm to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the plant. It is too late to plant autumn vegetables after pulling the seedlings of regenerated beans and can only produce overwintering vegetables. Therefore, whether to carry out regenerative cultivation should be considered from the aspects of annual production planning and the potential for increasing yield of regenerated crops.

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