(I) Preparation of pasture planting areas
The growth of pastures, like other crops, is also inseparable from light, heat, air, moisture and nutrients, of which water and nutrients are mainly supplied through the soil. Therefore, before sowing grass sowing, we must select the land, clean the ground, cultivated land, apply base fertilizer, and prepare land.
1. The selected pastures can be planted with ordinary cultivated land, hillside land, embankments, and sporadic land behind houses. However, to obtain high-yield, land-based water and fertilizer conditions, the requirements are higher. After the flood, we must wait until the water has completely receded, and the soil moisture content should be about 70%.
2. The cleanup of the ground floor is to remove the stones and weeds (including shrubs) on the planting ground.
3. Plowing The land used for planting pasture is plowed after being cleared. The depth of plowing is better than shallow depth, generally more than 20 cm.
4. The base fertilizer “a crop of flowers and all fertilizers is the homeâ€, and forage cultivation is no exception. After the land is ploughed, generally 2000-3000 kg of farmyard manure and 20-30 kg of compound fertilizer are applied per acre. The farmyard fertilizer applied must be fermented and matured.
5. Use a disc harrow to crush the overturned soil and flatten the overturned land.
(II) Selection of pasture varieties
1. The selected pasture varieties should be suitable for the local soil and climatic conditions. Pasture seeds, like the seeds of crops, are the breeding and breeding of research breeding units. It is cultivated under certain regional and climatic conditions and is suitable for planting under certain soil and climatic conditions. Therefore, when selecting a species of pasture, it is important to understand the appropriate area for planting the species.
2, according to the type of livestock and poultry raised to determine the species of pasture planted. When selecting forage species, appropriate pastures should be selected according to the type of livestock and poultry they are feeding. Such as cattle, sheep and other herbivorous livestock can choose to plant ryegrass, alfalfa 2, alfalfa, etc., feeding pigs choose chicory, grain alfalfa, goose choose ryegrass, bitter leeks and so on.
(III) Preparation of Forage Seeds
After selecting the forage varieties to be planted, businesses that have pasture seed business licenses or companies that have pasture seed licensing licenses to operate pasture seeds (must have packaged seeds) to buy pasture seeds. When purchasing pasture seeds, we must look at the label on the packaging. The label indicates the origin of the seed, the license number of the operation, and the seed quality standard. If it is imported seeds, the labeling should also indicate the import license number.
(d) Seeding of pasture
1. Seeding season sowing season to determine the first one is to consider the water and heat conditions suitable for the germination of pasture seeds, to ensure that the seedlings full seedling strong; second is less harmful weed disease; the third is suitable for the growth of forage grass. From the climatic conditions of our province, the seeding season of pasture is divided into spring and autumn.
Spring sowing is suitable for annual pastures, and spring sowing must be carried out due to the harvesting of sowing in the year. Such as hybrid sudan grass, Suichang 2, bitter leeks. For many years, pastures can also be sowed in spring, or they can be sowed in autumn, such as alfalfa and chicory. However, because of its special growth and development, alfalfa grows 1-3 leaves after emergence, and it mainly takes roots in the next 40 days or so. The above-ground part grows slowly and is vulnerable to weeds. It is recommended that alfalfa be planted in the autumn in areas with abundant rainfall and rapid weed growth along the river and in the south of the river. The second seed germination temperature of alfalfa is higher, Huainan region is sown in mid- and late April, and Huaibei region is sown in late April. Otherwise, the seeds often become rotten due to low ground temperature.
Autumn sowing is suitable for pastures and spring sowing grass species that are more harmful to weeds, such as annual ryegrass, winter grazing -70, alfalfa and so on.
2. Seed sowing method of pasture The sowing of pasture is very important as a crop. If it cannot be done, the full seedling will affect the whole year's harvest of the whole land. According to the practice of our province, the seeding methods of pasture are mainly drills, followed by broadcast and on-demand.
The benefits of drilling and seeding are to facilitate field management, such as weeding and fertilization. Drills are generally planted with seeders. Smaller areas can also be manually drilled. The distance between each row is generally 15-30 cm. Such as the alfalfa spacing 20-30 cm, 20 cm annual ryegrass.
Spreading and spreading is the use of artificial or spreading machines to spread pasture seeds to the surface after the land has been leveled, and then cover it with seeds or artificially. Disadvantages of sowing are the emergence of irregularities, uneven and irregularities, and difficulty in weed control and management. Sowing is mainly used for nursery, such as chicory seedling transplanting.
On demand, a small pit is hit with a hoe at a certain spacing and spacing, and then the pasture seeds are placed in the pit and covered with soil. On demand for slopes. On-demand seed saving, easy emergence and easy management. On-demand is generally applicable to corn, vegetable grass, such as Mexican corn, bitter leeks, chicory and so on.
3. Seeding rate of pasture seeds The seeding rate of pasture seed is closely related to the factors such as seed size, seed quality, soil fertility, sowing method, sowing season and sowing climate.
4. The seeding depth of pasture seeds The seed seed size is significantly different. The thickness of the covered soil directly affects the success or failure of pasture cultivation. Of course, the amount of soil water and soil type also affect the seeding depth of pasture seeds. In general, the seeds of pastures are preferably shallow sowing. The soil can be dried slightly, the moisture can be lighter, the loose soil can be slightly deeper, and the clay can be slightly shallower.
(five), field management of pasture
Pastures, like crops, leave crops or even no harvest if seeds are sown after emergence. Therefore, field management must be performed as carefully as a crop.
1, weed removal
The weediness not only affects the yield of pasture, but also some poisonous plants can also cause livestock and poultry poisoning. One way to remove weeds is to use manual or mechanical rakes and to turn to the ground for weeding. Another is to use biological or chemical methods to weed. Weeding in the field is generally performed after the grass has emerged from seedlings, or after every time the grass is forcibly smashed and the soil is loosened to protect against drought. When it is turned to the ground, the seedling stage should be shallowly turned and other growth stages can be deep-turned.
The damage of weeds by weeds to weeds is mainly at the seedling stage. In addition to the annual pastures that must be sowed in spring in the areas south of the Huaihe River, other pastures are generally selected to be sown in the fall and turned to weeds before sowing. This can reduce the damage of weeds.
Some crop weeds have a certain range of damage to pastures. For example, dodder seedlings have a greater harm to alfalfa and harm to alfalfa grass 2 and sudan grass can be mitigated by rotating plants in a field. Its harm.
Chemical weeding uses chemical herbicides to remove weeds. To remove monocotyledonous weeds from legumes such as alfalfa, trifluralin and anilinoic acid can be used. To remove dicotyledonous weeds in grasses such as ryegrass, 2,4-D, 2,4-D-butyl ester, etc. can be used.
There are many kinds of herbicides, and generally the most effective herbicides or the most effective combinations of herbicides should be selected through tests before weeding. When herbicides are used, they are best carried out when there is no wind, and they are generally used after the dew has dried or after the rain has evaporated after the rain. Herbicides have the best effect of removing impurities in weed seedlings and flowering stages. After 3 weeks of herbicide use, forage grass can feed the livestock and poultry.
2, top dressing
During the growing period of pasture, the fertilizer used according to the needs of pasture growth is called top dressing. Top dressing is mainly quick-acting fertilizer. The use time of topdressing is usually at the time of pasture delivery, allocation, budding, and after each castration. Ryegrass and other grasses are mainly topdressing nitrogenous fertilizers with a certain amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. The main application of phosphate fertilizers in legume legumes is alfalfa, and a certain amount of nitrogen fertilizer can also be applied in the year of sowing. Fertilizer amount per 667 kg of urea fertilizer, 30-40 kg of superphosphate.
3, irrigation and drainage
Irrigation Like other crops, water is also essential for the growth and development of pasture. If the moisture is suitable, the yield per area of ​​pasture can be increased by 3 to 10 times. The irrigation time of pasture should be determined according to the soil moisture content. The water holding capacity of gramineous herbage soil is about 75%, and that of legume grass is about 50-60%. Excessive water holding capacity of drainage soil can easily cause poor ventilation of the soil and cause rot. It is necessary to maintain proper soil moisture content. Alfalfa will die if soaked in water for more than 24 hours. Chicory prone to rot in low-lying areas. Therefore, pasture not only pay attention to irrigation, but also pay attention to drainage.
4, pest control of pasture
(1) The main diseases and control of forage grasses occur in different parts of the brown spot. After the onset of disease, leaf loss was mainly caused, which reduced the yield of alfalfa hay by 11%-29%. The lesions are brown on the leaf blade and have a nearly round dot shape. High humidity is the cause of the disease, and in June and July when there is more rain, it is also a high incidence of the disease. Drug control use 70% mancozeb 600 times; 75% chlorothalonil 600-800 times; 50% carbendazim WP 1000-1500 times spray.
Barn rust occurs everywhere. After onset, the leaves will chlorosis, shrink and fall off in advance, which can reduce production by 30%-60%. And palatability decreased, even causing poisoning. The disease mainly damages the leaves, petioles and stems. Small, round, sickle-like lesions appear below the leaves. It was gray-green at the beginning and the rust-colored powder appeared after the rupture of the epidermis. Prevention and control methods include: first, field incineration in winter; second, drug control, 10-15 g per mu for mancozeb, 30 g per mu for oxidized wheat rust, 50 g per mu for chlorothalonil, and 1,000 times for triadimefon at 15%. Liquid spray.
Ryegrass crown rust occurs everywhere. The number of tillers and root growth of the diseased plants decreased significantly, and the amount of dead leaves increased. The pathogens mainly harmed the leaves, and the lesions in the early stages showed pale yellow dots and gradually turned into orange-brown, knobby processes. In the later period, the spore pile breaks through the epidermis, revealing orange powdered uredia spores. The climate is suitable for the occurrence of this disease. Drug control use 25% triadimefon or 25% triadimefol wettable powder, 30-50 grams per acre, watering 1500 kg spray, spray again at intervals of 15 days.
Chicory rot core disease occurs everywhere. After the onset of disease, the inner core of the plant rots, and then the entire tree dies and the loss is greater. The disease mainly occurs in rainy seasons or low-lying areas. Prevention and control methods, first, do not plant chicory in low-lying; Second, pay attention to drainage; Third, drug control. Drug control Use carbendazim 500 times solution or mancozeb 500 times solution to spray or pour the soil.
This disease occurs in the area south of the Huaihe River. The disease is suitable for temperatures of 24°C-28°C and relative humidity of 80%-100%. Gibberella can reduce the amount of forage grass, but also make people and livestock poisoning, the symptoms are fever, fainting, abdominal distension, vomiting, loss of appetite. Lesions were spotted, pink or orange-yellow layers appeared in the diseased area, and later purple and black granules appeared. Prevention and control methods, first, soaking seeds with 1% lime water; the second is to clear the diseased pasture; the third is to pay attention to drainage, prevent grassland water or too wet; fourth is carbendazim wettable powder 1000-1500 times liquid spray mold, Topuzin 5% wettable powder 1000-1500 times liquid spray mold.
Powdery mildew temperature 20 °C -28 °C, relative humidity 52-75% for the disease. Onset grasses have poor growth and development, low hay yield, and poor quality. A white powder layer appeared on the leaves, stems, and calyxes of the diseased pastures and began to grow yellow and then became spherical black spots. Prevention and control methods, first, remove the diseased forage; Second, to avoid excessive grass layer or inverted, timely use; Third, sulfur powder per acre sprinkled 2.5 kg per mu, sterilization Dan 800-1000 times liquid spray mold, 70% A Chitobuzu 1000 times liquid spray.
(2) Prevention and cure of pasture pests
The bean phthalocyanine mainly harms legumes and other legumes. Adults are 15-18 mm in length, red in their heads, slightly triangular in shape, black on the chest, abdomen and elytra, and a white longitudinal streak in the center of the prosthodontic plate and in the center of each elytra. Eggs are oval in shape and are milky white at the time of first production and yellow afterwards. The arrangement is cauliflower-like. Carcass yellow-white, compound eye black. The bean phthalocyanine mainly eats the leaves of legumes and other legumes. Control methods, with 90% trichlorfon 1000 times per gram of 75 liters, early morning spray to kill adult.
Aphids mainly harm legumes and other legumes. Aphids are classified into winged aphids and wingless aphids. Aphids occur in more than 20 generations a year and often accumulate in the tender stems, young shoots, the top heart and leaves, and the stamens of the pastures. The sap is sucked by the sucker. The damaged pasture is short, the leaves are curled, and the leaves are changed due to lack of nutrition. Yellow, when severe grass died. The prevention and control methods were controlled with 50% malathion EC, 50% CASS, 25% imidophos EC 1000 times, and 50% CCV wettable powder 400 times.
Loquat leaf caterpillars mainly harm legumes and other legumes. Adults are 4.5-6.5 mm in length, covered with yellow-brown scales, black on their heads, thin and long, tentacles geniculate. The prosthodontic plate has two broad brown stripes with a thin gray line between them. There are three dark brown longitudinal stripes on the elytra. The larvae hatched pale yellow, gradually turned green, and their heads were black. The top and side lines were white. The adults of weevil caterpillars mainly harm the leaves and larvae, which mainly damage the leaflets and growth points, and cause the leaves to lose production. The prevention and control methods include the use of natural enemies, such as locust urticae, Ji xiao bee, and seven-spot ladybugs; the second is the use of 50% malathion 1200-2000 times spray, 80% ceivien WP 100 grams per mu. spray.
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