"Genetic scissors" for the first time transforms skin cells into stem cells
January 23, 2018 Source: Science and Technology Daily
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According to recent news from the US Daily Science website, scientists at the Gladstone Institute of the United States first used the "genetic scissors" CRISPR technology to activate individual genes in cells and turn mouse skin cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The new method not only helps scientists to obtain important cells more conveniently, but also to further understand the cell reprogramming process.
Induced pluripotent stem cells are reprogrammed from mature cells and have the potential to differentiate into a variety of cells like embryonic stem cells, which can be used to repair damaged tissues and organs. The CRISPR gene editing technology accurately locates a string of codes in the genome for deletion or modification.
Each cell has a complete genome of the organism whose specific identity and function depend on which genes are in working order. For example, in skin cells, genes associated with skin function are turned on and other genes are turned off. To turn it into a stem cell, turn off skin-related genes and turn on genes related to stem cell function.
In 2006, Dr. Yamanaka, a senior researcher at Gladstone, used four key proteins called transcription factors to treat common skin cells to create induced pluripotent stem cells. These transcription factors can change the working state of each gene. Based on the above research, Gladstone senior researcher Ding Sheng (transliteration) team did not use transcription factors, but created induced pluripotent stem cells by adding chemical mixtures to cells.
In the latest study, the Ding Sheng team also provided a third method for making induced pluripotent stem cells – using CRISPR gene regulation technology to directly manipulate the genome of the cell. They selected two genes, Oct4 and Sox2, that are only expressed in stem cells and are critical for pluripotent properties, which open other genes involved in stem cell function and shut down irrelevant genes. Experiments have shown that activation of either of the two genes with CRISPR triggers cell reprogramming to transform into pluripotent stem cells, and activation requires only one modification of the gene code.
Ding Sheng said: "The new method is completely different from the previous one, which helps us to make induced pluripotent stem cells more easily and quickly, and perhaps to reprogram skin cells directly into heart cells or brain cells."
The study was published in the journal Cell Stem Cell. (Reporter Liu Xia)
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