Don't give an injection, please send me the vaccine.

Don't give an injection, please send me the vaccine.

June 12, 2017 Source: Technology Daily

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In the process of human confrontation with various infectious diseases, the vaccine has created many incredible miracles for us. Today, smallpox and rubella are almost eradicated, and millions of people are prevented from contracting to death from diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and measles every year.

When a sufficient number of people are vaccinated, the acquired group immunity will prevent the spread of infectious diseases, and those who do not vaccinate will also benefit. However, in some remote areas, the number of vaccinated people is too small due to the backwardness of public health facilities, and this group immunity is difficult to obtain.

In response to the plight of vaccination and storage of vaccines in underdeveloped areas, scientists have opened their minds and want to spread the vaccine like a virus in the population, reducing the number of people who need to be vaccinated. Recently, "Popular Science" magazine introduced the relevant design ideas and research progress of such infectious vaccines.

Accidental discovery of weakly transmitted vaccine

In the United States, there are two polio (polio) vaccines, one with an inactivated version of the virus and the other with an oral version of a weakly active virus. Scientists gradually discovered during use that the latter can be transmitted to other people before the virus is inactivated, so that the immune system of the infected person can be strengthened, and the real virus infection can be countered without using a vaccine.

This accidental discovery has attracted the attention of the World Health Organization. It is hoped that this oral vaccine will help people in poor areas to eradicate polio on a global scale. Scientists have also taken action and began to consciously design weakly transmitted vaccines.

James Bohr, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Texas, said that in order to ensure that weakly active vaccines are not ill, scientists want to inactivate the vaccine immediately after it is designed into the human body, without considering its spread, but if we change the design The idea is that the active vaccine has a very weak spread, and it will be inactivated immediately after being passed on to others, so that it will not cause disease and allow the infected person to gain immunity.

Scott Nesman, a mathematician at the University of Idaho, believes that although this weakly transmitted vaccine does not eradicate disease, it can reduce the number of people who need direct vaccination and play a very important role during the outbreak. He and his colleagues calculated that such vaccines would help save a lot of public health expenditures, such as measles, mumps and rubella vaccines alone, and if they had a transmissible vaccine replacement, they would save the US $50 million a year.

Stop wildlife from spreading viruses

As human activities continue to reduce the habitat of wildlife, wildlife is increasingly likely to spread disease to humans. According to statistics, about one-third of Ebola-infected people have direct contact with giant mites that have died from Ebola virus infection.

According to Michael Jarvis, a virologist at the University of Plymouth in the United Kingdom, a transmissible vaccine is most likely to be used for wild animals that carry viruses and spread to humans. This will prevent the outbreak of disease in humans and protect them from extinction. animal. "The cockroaches have been ruined by hunters and forest degradation, and the Ebola virus has begun to threaten their lives. It is almost impossible to find every animal to vaccinate, and it is easier to spread the vaccine. better."

Benign viruses such as herpes simplex virus (CMV) can be used as such a spreadable vaccine. Nismean introduced the design of this vaccine: through gene editing technology, insert a small segment of the pathogenic virus into the active cytomegalovirus, carrying fragments that can cause the immune system of the infected person to produce a stress response, and live giant Cellular viruses can spread quickly and have no serious consequences because of their benignity.

Jarvis and colleagues are developing a vaccine for this type of herpes that is used to prevent Ebola infection in pigs and Lassa virus in mice. The Ebola vaccine they developed has been shown to be effective against macaques, and the herpes virus will be used to turn the Ebola vaccine into a self-propagating vaccine for use in wild macaques.

Open up new ideas for AIDS prevention and treatment

The spreadable vaccine has also opened up new ideas for viral diseases such as the fight against AIDS, which require a lifetime of medication and no vaccine.

University of California economist Raul Weinberg and colleagues are designing a transmissible vaccine called therapeutic intervention granules (TIPs) that, unlike traditional vaccines, are used primarily by people who are already infected with HIV. In patients infected with cells, they compete with HIV for resources, making it impossible for HIV to get the protein that it breeds, and thus unable to infect surrounding cells. By interfering with HIV, these TIPs reduce the amount of virus in the blood until they lose the ability to transmit to others and delay the progression of AIDS. According to Weinberg, these TIPs are also consistent with HIV in replication evolution, maintaining the competitiveness of HIV-captured intracellular proteins.

Although safety and efficacy need to be further verified, the potential for the development of infectious vaccines should not be underestimated in the future in terms of preventing the spread of AIDS and other infectious diseases, improving population immunity and reducing public health costs. (Reporter Nie Cuirong Comprehensive Foreign Power)

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