Release date: 2014-07-03
According to the Spanish "World News" website reported on June 27, in Spain, 80% of cases of death due to skin cancer are caused by melanoma. In the past 40 years, melanoma has developed rapidly. If melanoma can be detected and cut off at an early stage, about 82% of patients can survive for five years, and now this number has exceeded 92%. However, when the tumor has spread throughout the body, the patient's half-life is limited to 6 months to 12 months after diagnosis. Genetic and molecular studies help to understand the development of these tumors and the causes of aggression. A survey by Spanish researchers published in this issue of Cancer Cell linked the developmental risks of gene transfer to patients with the disease.
It has been learned through different studies that melanoma is associated with approximately 85,000 genetic mutations. Some of these genome changes have nothing to do with melanoma. High numbers of mutations are difficult to determine which mutations are critical.
Scientists at the National Cancer Research Center (CNIO) I 12 Institute and the Soloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York have shown that entropy black can be enriched and defined by characterizing the functional and organic nature of gene levels. Prime tumor. These mechanisms may help fight cancer.
At work, they analyzed 35 different tumors, such as melanoma, bladder cancer, bone cancer, pancreatic tumors and so on. The goal is to determine the signaling pathways that melanoma differs from other tumor cells. Gene and functional analysis can "recognize 40 genes involved in autophagic protein, which has caught our attention," said Marisol Soengas, head of CNIO's melanoma team.
One of these 40 genes is called RAB7, which is the most obvious gene in melanoma. "This gene acts as a leader because it determines the fate of tumor cells," said Thorne Muse.
The internal mechanisms of cancer cells enable them to generate power through the vesicle environment and enable differentiation. It is as if there are several road toll stations in these cells, and the toll station allows the compounds to enter and degrade to generate energy when they are opened. These charges also make the waste come out like a self-cleaning system cell. However, these toll stations are also capable of recovering cells for use in other parts of the body.
Researchers in Spain are already aware of this process triggered by overexpression of RAB7. That is, the input of nutrients provides an entrance for generating cell proliferation and transforming energy. However, it is not feasible to reduce its overexpression, because when RAB7 reduces the factors of production, it will cause tumor cells to invade its surroundings. The purpose of this discovery is not in the possibility of manipulating genes, but in the identification of new molecular mechanisms. "RAB7 allows us to understand the whole process of autophagy, know the mechanism of vesicles in tumor cells, and we believe that it can be used to lead these vesicle compounds," CNIO researchers said.
It is very valuable to be able to demonstrate why RAB7 specifically accumulates melanoma and how to regulate the development of the tumor, because it can clarify which weaknesses of the tumor are specific. “Find a definitive mechanism to clarify why melanoma is so aggressive and complicated, because there are thousands of mutations in between.†Di Lema Alonso Courbelo, the first author of the article explained.
There are no normal cells in the cells passing through the input of the tumor cells. Only when cancer cells thrive due to vesicles in the surrounding environment will specific proteins appear in each tumor cell. This is like each melanocyte has its own highway and toll station compared to breast cells, although both have different ways of input and output. This facilitates the creation of specific bulls for each cancer.
To be precise, this is the therapeutic application that may be implemented in this study: using the input of these cells to get the drug into the vesicle. “At CNIO, a nanoparticle compound (called BO-110) has been developed that can over-activate these vesicles and cause cell collapse. There are now studies in laboratory mice as a support. BO- 110 is a subsidiary of CNIO, a product of Bioncotech, which is preparing to conduct a clinical Phase I clinical trial," explains Thornez.
It is the dream of many researchers to study the clinical application of medicine, especially the clinical application of some aggressive tumors like melanoma. According to the latest data from the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM), melanoma is in Spain, with 5,000 cases in 2012 and has increased 10 times in the past 20 years.
“This is a very difficult tumor to treat, so we are happy to find the genes for all the tumors in all groups of melanoma. This is a complex cancer, but some of the most promising teams in Spain are participating in the control of such tumors. And treatment," Thorne Muse concluded.
Source: China Net
Chinese herbal medicine chemistry refers to the science of using modern chemical theories and methods to study the chemical composition of Chinese herbal medicine. The object of Chinese herbal medicine chemistry research is the chemical composition of Chinese herbal medicine. The chemical composition of Chinese herbal medicine is very complex, usually sugar, Amino Acid, protein, oil, wax , enzymes, pigments, vitamins, organic acids, tannins, inorganic salts, volatile oils, alkaloids, glycosides, etc. Every Chinese herbal medicine may contain multiple ingredients. Among these ingredients, some of them have obvious biological activity and play a medical role, and are often called active ingredients, such as alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, amino acids, etc. The reason why Chinese herbal medicine has medical effects is mainly due to the active ingredients it contains. In addition to many active ingredients of Chinese herbal medicines that have been studied in the past and have been widely used, such as berberine (berberine), which is Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory in Coptis chinensis, ephedrine, which is antiasthmatic in Ephedra, and reserpentine, an antihypertensive ingredient in Rauwolfia, In recent years, more active ingredients of Chinese herbal medicines have been discovered one after another at home and abroad, especially in terms of biological active ingredients for anti-tumor, treatment of cardiovascular diseases and chronic bronchitis. Other ingredients are commonly found in Chinese herbal medicine, but usually have no biological activity and no medical effect, and are called "ineffective ingredients", such as sugars, proteins, pigments, resins, inorganic salts, etc.
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