Bitter gourd cultivation and disease prevention and control technology
I. Cultivation points:
1. Spring crops are usually raised from late March to early April, but early spring planting should pay attention to the cold seedlings; autumn sowing from July to September. For other regions, please refer to the sowing date of the local bitter gourd.
2. Site preparation and soil preparation: Select the fertile loam soil for the non-guarantee crops, mainly in spring, summer and autumn.畦 width 1. 8-2.0 meters (even ditch), double line planting, spring sparse summer and autumn, plant spacing 15-40 cm.
3, before sowing can be used about 55 °C soaking in warm water soak for 10 minutes -15 minutes, to be cooled after soaking 8 hours -12 hours, can change the water every 4 hours -5 hours once, and used to light the seeds, pick up and drain After germination at a temperature of 30°C-33°C, sowing after budding.
4. Field management: When the soil preparation is done, 1500 kg of composted livestock manure and 25 kg of phosphate fertilizer are used as base fertilizer. At the beginning of flowering, spring, summer, summer and autumn sowing combined with cultivation of soil fertilize 25-30 kg of peanut bran per acre and 20-30 kg of compound fertilizer. Fertilizers are collected once in the beginning, and then 1-2 batches of topdressing are harvested each time. Spring seedling water control, flowering period of the results to be watered. When the plants were vine-blown, the vines were introduced, the vines were pulled, and the head squash and base vines were removed.
5, insert the introduction of vines: melon vines grow to 30 centimeters or so, it is necessary to insert racks, so that the introduction of vines on the shelves. Start vines can take S-shaped rise.
6. Baohuabaoguo: The male flowers that can be opened the next day are picked on the afternoon of the first day and put in a dry environment at around 25°C. At 8 to 9 o'clock the next morning, take the male flower and tear off the corolla, gently pollinating the female stigma. Usually 1 male flower is used to pollinate 3 female flowers, and do not harm female stigma when pollinating.
7, harvest: bitter gourd is for people to eat melon, close to maturity when the conversion quickly, so it is timely harvest. The standard for harvesting was 12 to 15 days after flowering. The strips and knobs of the fruit swelled and the top of the fruit became smooth and began to glow. The pericarp turned from dark green to bright green and shiny.
Second, pest and disease prevention
As for the prevention and treatment of bitter melon pests and diseases, as well as other crop pest prevention and control, we must implement the principle of “prevention, comprehensive prevention, accurate diagnosis, and remedy for the diseaseâ€.
Agricultural control: (1) Select disease-resistant varieties and select high-resistance and multi-resistance varieties for the main pest control targets in the area. (2) Strictly conduct seed disinfection to reduce seed-borne diseases. (3) To cultivate age-appropriate seedlings and improve resistance. (4) To create a suitable reproductive environment, control the temperature and air humidity, suitable fertilizer and water, adequate light and carbon dioxide, regulate the suitable temperature in different growth periods and avoid low temperature and high temperature barriers through ventilation and auxiliary heating; Prevent water accumulation. (5) To clean the pastoral areas, clean up the leaves and weeds in the bitter gourd field and concentrate on harmless treatment to keep the field clean. (6) Farming restructuring, with non-hoist crops for more than three years of rotation, where conditions permit the implementation of dry and wet crop rotation. (7) Scientific fertilization, increasing organic fertilizer, balanced fertilization.
Physical prevention and control: (1) Large-scale facility ventilation outlets are closed with insect-proof nets, covered with plastic film, insect-proof nets, and shade nets in summer to protect against rain, shade, and insects, and to reduce pests and diseases. (2) Trapping and repelling: Protected cultivation using yellow plates to trap aphids, Liriomyza sativae, 30-40 yellow plates per acre, open ground cultivation silver mulching film or hanging silver grey film strip to repel aphids, every 2-4 The square meter is equipped with a vibration-type insecticidal lamp to trap and kill pests.
Biological control: Actively protect and use natural enemies and prevent pests and diseases.
Biological agents: The use of antibiotics (agricultural streptomycin, neomycin) and plant-derived pesticides (Azadirachtin, matrine, etc.) to prevent pests.
Chemical control: The use of chemical agents should meet the requirements of GB4285 and GB/T8321. Strictly control the use of pesticides and safety intervals.
In the cultivation of bitter gourd, there are mainly diseases that are more difficult to control such as wilt disease, blight, downy mildew, anthrax, epidemic disease and powdery mildew.
1. Fusarium wilt disease: The performance of the shoot is wilting at the early stage of the onset of the shoot, normal in the morning and evening, and the whole plant withered after several days cannot be recovered. Cross-sectional view of the base and roots of the stem showed vascular tissue browning. Prevention measures should avoid continuous cropping of melon crops. Promotion of the nutrition cup seedlings, transplanting with soil to reduce the chance of invasive disease seedlings, and actively promote the use of seed coating agent "2.5% Shiloji" suspension seed dressing technology. The specific method is to soak the seeds and wait until they absorb the water and drain them (do not shoot). Take 1 bag (10 ml) of water for 150 hours and 200 ml of the “Chang Le Shi†and pour the seeds and liquid into a plastic bag. A bag of "Sushi" can be mixed with 5-10 kg of seeds). The seeds of Miao Qi and Miao Zhuang that are processed through the “Yoshishishi†can also effectively prevent and control other diseases at the seedling stage, and can provide a disease protection period of up to 4 months. In bitter gourd wilt disease or historical wards, it is advisable to apply 2000-times “Cola-Hui Shi†or 10% Sequoia Dispersing Granules at the beginning of flowering period, 80 g/mu, and 200 kg/mu of liquid medicine per mu. 0.5 kg, once every 10 days, once for 3 consecutive times, can effectively prevent the occurrence of blight.
2. Broom disease: damage to leaves, stems, and fruits, affecting the growth of stems. Stem joints are susceptible to disease. The disease department is dark brown and dark, with dense black spots, spilling gums, and stem segments shrinking. The leaves are susceptible, and the lesions expand from the leaf margin inward to a "V" shape. Juvenile mellow flu, pale brown flesh or heart rot. The control of seed blight for brucellosis can be used for "joy hours." The prevention and control of the growth period focused on the onset of the onset of the disease. The use of internal absorption of therapeutic fungicides such as Shigao 1000-1500 times, sprayed 2-3 times every 7-10 days. When dispensing medicine, it must first be opened into a mother liquor and then poured into a sprayer so that the concentration of the liquid is uniform.
3, downy mildew: the main damage to the leaves, but also harm the flowers and flowers. In the early stage of disease, the leaves appeared water-stained, light green spots, and they expanded to form a polygonal shape. They were yellow-green and yellow, and finally they were brown. When the disease was serious, the leaves died and directly affected the plant growth. High humidity is the premise of the disease, and low-lying, densely planted, poor ventilation and light transmission, lack of fertilizer, and excessive watering can all induce the disease. Control methods: Select well-drained plots, apply adequate basal fertilizer, increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, remove old leaves in time, ventilate and transmit light, and control the onset center as soon as possible. Use the internal suction to treat fungicides 53% Jin Lei Duo Mier water dispersible granules 600 times , spray once every 7-10 days, spray 2-3 times continuously.
4, anthrax disease: bitter gourd seedlings, stems and leaves, the fruit can be onset. Available spot 1500 times liquid or 1000 times the world high spray control.
5. Epidemic diseases: mainly harm the fruit, 75% chlorothalonil 500 times solution or 80% dexamethasone zinc 700 times solution, spray once every 7 to 10 days, and spray 3 to 4 times for prevention and treatment.
6, powdery mildew: generally conducive to the spread of germs in high-temperature dry weather, humidity is more suitable for the disease in the alternating wet and dry conditions of serious damage. The control of powdery mildew should be selected: Puomycoe (70% wettable powder) 1200 times, Carbide (50% wettable powder) 700 times, 20% Triadimefon EC 1500 times, Teflon (30% wettable powder )1500 times. Spray once every 7 days, spraying 2-3 times continuously.
Bitter melons are more difficult to control insect pests are melon flies, melons, melons.
1, fruiting fruit fly: commonly known as "acupuncture bees", adults lay eggs in fruits and melons, larvae feeding in melon flesh, causing melon rot, and even fruit drop, seriously affect the quality and yield of melon. At present, it is the peak period for the occurrence of "acupuncture bees". It adopts a multi-pronged comprehensive management method of idyllic cleansing, trapping and killing adults, insecticides, and bagging and guaranty. For insecticide use, "Kung Fu" is recommended. A packet (5 milliliters) of "Kung Fu" sold in the market can be exchanged for a bucket of water (15 liters). Spraying was carried out before 10-11 am or 4-6 pm in the active period of adult insects. In the mating period of adult mating, the effect was better. One of the methods of trapping and killing is to use a yellow plate and paint yellow cardboard or plastic sheet with vaseline in a garden, with about 20 pieces per acre, which has a better trapping effect on adults. Vigorously promote the new technology of bagging and guaranty, which can reduce the damage of various pests, but also improve the quality and value of fruits.
2, Gualou: Guava adult, nymphs clustered in the back, tender stems and tender shoots sucking juice. The insects will cause damage to the shoots, the leaves will curl up, the growing point will die, the leaves will shrink, yellow and fall off in advance, and they will also cause soot and spread virus disease. Chemical Control Recommendations Efficient, broad-spectrum, safe, long-lasting 25% Aktai water dispersible granules with a duration of up to 21 days, 5000-10000 times, effective in preventing and controlling melons And other pests.
3, Gualou: larvae feeding on the leaves, resulting in perforation or lack of carved leaves, often into the melon, affecting the yield and quality. Chemical control uses 50% Coulomb 1000 times or 2.5% kung fu 1500 times spray and spray once every 7-10 days.
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