Broccoli is the major vegetable export crop in Zhejiang Province. The annual planting area of ​​the province is stable at around 10,000 hectares. However, since the broccoli sowing season is in July-September, high temperature and typhoon activity period, how to make full use of the limited growth season to cultivate strong Miao, it has become the key to the production, processing and export trade of broccoli. The Xiangshan County Modern Agricultural Experiment Field has successfully cultivated 140 hectares of broccoli seedlings from 2001 to 2002 in order to solve the problems of seedlings and seedlings. The introduction is as follows:
I. Requirements for the growth and development of broccoli seedlings on the environment
The growth and development of broccoli seedlings includes three stages: germination, basic vegetative growth and rapid seedling growth.
Broccoli is very cool and it is a semi-cold vegetable. The minimum temperature for germination is 3°C, the optimum temperature is 20-25°C, the maximum temperature is 35°C, the optimum temperature for plant growth is 20-22°C, and the bulbs are subject to freezing injury at a low temperature of -5°-3°C. Flower bud differentiation is not strict with low temperature requirements. As long as the average temperature is below 20°C, early flowering varieties can differentiate through flower buds. However, in the event of low temperatures during seedling stage, they will form small flower bulbs and lose their commerciality and yield. The temperature is lower than 8°C and grows slowly. The late-maturing varieties require low temperature for flower bud differentiation, so they cannot be cultivated in the hot season, otherwise they will form cut flower bulbs, hair bulbs and coke buds. Therefore, broccoli requires stricter sowing time.
Broccoli requires sufficient light, but it does not require strict sunshine. It is hi and humid, but it is not tolerant to drought and intolerant to waterlogging. It has strict water requirements. Especially in the nursery stage, drought prevention and flood prevention are the focus of seedling management. It is required that the seedbed soil be loose, fertile and has good water retention and seepage performance.
Second, nursery methods
Breeding methods of broccoli are related to its variety characteristics and cornice arrangement. The eastern coastal areas of Zhejiang Province generally use open field sowing and shade nets to cover temperature and add agricultural film to cover rain.
Third, strong seedling standards
30 to 35 days old, 5 to 6 true leaves, robust growth, no pests and diseases, thick stems, short internodes, large and thick leaves, normal color, good root development, fibrous roots well-developed, plant growth and tidy.
IV. Seedbed preparation
1. Seedbed selection Breeding of broccoli should be selected with high dryness, well-drained, airy and light-transmitting, containing loose soil with abundant organic matter, and requires that no cruciferous vegetable fields be planted in the last two years for the seedbed. Seedlings are required to leave a seedbed at a ratio of 1:20. The seedbed plows the soil 1 week before sowing, applies 25 kg of compound fertilizer per 667 square meters, and applies full-depth planting; the seedling plant is 2 meters wide and groove width is 40~50cm, height is 15~20cm, deep groove sorghum; seedling finishing requirements Loose on the loose, thin, flat, smooth surface.
2. Seedbed disinfection Export broccoli nursery should strictly implement the national vegetable pollution-free production operating procedures, seedbed disinfection use 25% Lei Duomi 500 times liquid plus 40.7% Loe Si 800 to 1000 times before spraying seedbed disinfection and sterilization Kill the underground pests.
3. Weeding before weeding to reduce the damage of weeds during nursery, and at the same time reduce the cost of raising seedlings. We can use dryland herbicide Dole with good safety and broad spectrum of herbicides. The dosage is 70% Dole EC 20mL plus 15kg of water. Spray the noodles before and wet the seedbed.
4. Soil moisture regulation before sowing Broccoli nursery in the completion of the above work, at the same time, we must adjust the seedbed soil moisture, soil moisture is too little, affecting the seed germination sprout; humidity is too high, it will cause the soil to get rid of bad seeds. Therefore, the principle of water regulation before broccoli sowing is that the glutinous rice cake is soaked in the surface and the water in the gingival sulcus can not only reduce the porosity between the soils, but also prevent the broccoli seeds from affecting the seedlings deeply. Moreover, it has been proved that the degree of dryness and wetness of the soil and the emergence of the seedlings are good or bad. D.
Fifth, sowing
1. Determine the reasonable sowing date The main basis for the determination of the sowing date is the variety characteristics, weather conditions and cultivation purposes. The sowing dates for the special early-maturing cultivars such as green wind and breeze on the eastern coast of Zhejiang are from mid-July to mid-August; the early sowing cultivars such as the excellent sowing date are in the middle and mid-August; the mid-maturing cultivars such as the green belt and the sowing date for the marathon From late August to early September, late maturing varieties such as Meilv 90 and Fuxing are sown from mid-September to early October.
2. Determining a reasonable seeding rate The seed of broccoli is small. In order to ensure the number of seedlings used in the field, and to allow the seedlings to have sufficient growth space, it is necessary to scientifically calculate the amount of field seed. The formula is: Seed dosage (g/667 square meters) = [Seedlings/667 square meters (1 + safety factor)] 1000-grain seed germination rate. The germination rate of qualified seeds is more than 85%, and the safety factor for raising seedlings is 80%. The current 1000-grain weight of the main cultivars is 3.17g, green tape 3.6g, Mei green 90 is 5.56g, Chaoli 2.96g, and Fuxing 3.94g. After calculating 667 square meters, the amount of field used is excellent 12g, green belt 15g, Meilv 90 is 20g, super power 12g, Fuxing 15g.
3. Seeding sowing must be uniform, seedlings often use fine sand dressing seeds dry seed live method, the broccoli seeds evenly sown in a well-prepared seedbed. The sowing time should be selected in sunny evening or cloudy days. Generally, the seeds of broccoli should not be covered with fine dirt after sowing, but after sowing, the seeds should be sprayed with fine spray nozzle to make the seeds closely contact with the surface of pods, and then cover the surface of 2-3 layers. Shade net shade cooling and moisturizing.
Sixth, seedbed management
1. Germination and Emergence Management Broccoli requires 2~3 days and nights from sowing to emergence. The time is short, but the management requirements are high. The focus should be on observation. Starting from the overall environmental conditions at the seedling stage, attention should be paid to the adjustment of temperature and moisture. . The entire germination period must be observed in the field in the morning, afternoon, and evening three times a day to observe the germination of the seeds, the dryness and wetness of the soil on the surface of the crop, the intensity of the sunshine, or the drainage of the field on rainy days. From July to September, under sunny high temperature conditions, germination and emergence mainly rely on watering to regulate soil temperature, so that the soil temperature is maintained at a suitable temperature of 25~30°C to facilitate normal emergence. Watering can be done in the afternoon and evening. Avoid rainy weather after watering. During this period, the mulch covers the shade of 2 to 3 days and nights to cool and prevent rain, and the shade nets are removed in time when the two cotyledons begin to turn green after emergence.
2. The management of seedlings in the basic vegetative period The cotyledons turn green until the 2 leaf 1 heart period is the basic vegetative period of the broccoli seedlings. The cotyledon of the broccoli seedlings unfolds and turns green and enters into an independent autotrophic phase where the root growth and malabsorption occur. , or seedling temperature is too high, are easy to make seedlings grow and develop poorly. With the growth, expansion and leaf area expansion of true leaves, the role of the cotyledons after the two-leaf and one-heart period was gradually lost. This period of management is the key to nurturing strong seedlings. Management mainly focuses on these aspects of the work. First, it is timely to build a small arch shed and cover the shade net. From 8 am to 4 pm on sunny days, shade nets are used to cool down, and shade nets are removed during the rest of the year. Cloudy days and light rain do not cover the nets. Interval-covering time lasts for one week. The second is to strengthen water management. After the rain, the gutters should be drained in a timely manner to ensure that no water accumulates in the field; on sunny days, the soil surface should be watered and watered in a timely manner. The third is to prevent typhoons and heavy rain. Pay close attention to the forecast of severe weather such as typhoon and heavy rain. Before the onset of typhoon and rainstorm, do a good job of disaster prevention measures. You can cover the small arch shed with agricultural film, and then use an arch rod to wind the agricultural film into a vent every 2m. Ventilation and dehumidification, each two arch rods with a pile head to play a film, cover the top of the plastic film shade net and nylon rope or film line with the pile head tightened and fixed. After the typhoon and heavy rain, facilities such as agricultural film and shade nets were promptly removed to prevent the seedlings from becoming leggy. The fourth is to strengthen the prevention of pests and diseases. From the time of emergence to the time of 1 leaf stage, 40.7% of Locust 800 times and 3% of Jinggangmycin 500 times were used to prevent the damage of cotyledon and prevent the occurrence of damping-off and damping-off. 2 leaf 1 heart period and then 75% chlorothalonil 1000 times plus 3% Jinggangmycin 500 times liquid to prevent damping-off and damping-off.
3. Rapid growth period of seedling management The seedlings entered the rapid growth period after the 2 leaf 1 heart period, and 90% of the seedling growth was formed in this period. At this time, the temperature is still high, and the roots are formed and grow rapidly. In order to cultivate strong seedlings, the management of this period should be based on control. Management mainly focuses on these aspects of the work: First, continue to do a good job in preventing typhoons and heavy rain. The method refers to the growth period of basic nutrition of seedlings. The second is to continue to do a good job see dry, see wet water management work, rather dry not wet. The third is to do the work of seedlings with two leaves and one heart period, so that the growth space of seedling seedlings can reach a uniform level of 10 square centimeters and ensure that 667 square meters of seedlings can reach 50,000. The fourth is to control the fertilization during the growth of the whole seedlings, but the weak seedlings can be applied with a small amount of urea to promote the balance. The fifth is to strengthen the control of insect pests. During the occurrence period of insect pests, 5% Ruijinte 1500 times liquid can be used to control Plutella xylostella and Pieris rapae, as well as rapeseed meal; with 20% Mi 1000 times solution plus 10% beta-cypermethrin 1500 times solution to control Spodoptera exigua and Spodoptera litura; with 10% imidacloprid 3000 times control aphids.
Seven, seedlings, nursery and management
After the management of the above-mentioned series of measures, the seedlings must be planted in Daejeon in time for 5-6 leaves. 2 days before transplanting, a small amount of urea should be used to start the application of fertilizer, check and control the pests and diseases, so that the seedlings with medicine and fertilizers can be transplanted with strong mud. When raising the seedlings, the nursery is irrigated to prevent root damage, and the same large seedlings are selected for growing. After watering, the seedlings were watered in time to facilitate the growth and development of the young seedlings.
I. Requirements for the growth and development of broccoli seedlings on the environment
The growth and development of broccoli seedlings includes three stages: germination, basic vegetative growth and rapid seedling growth.
Broccoli is very cool and it is a semi-cold vegetable. The minimum temperature for germination is 3°C, the optimum temperature is 20-25°C, the maximum temperature is 35°C, the optimum temperature for plant growth is 20-22°C, and the bulbs are subject to freezing injury at a low temperature of -5°-3°C. Flower bud differentiation is not strict with low temperature requirements. As long as the average temperature is below 20°C, early flowering varieties can differentiate through flower buds. However, in the event of low temperatures during seedling stage, they will form small flower bulbs and lose their commerciality and yield. The temperature is lower than 8°C and grows slowly. The late-maturing varieties require low temperature for flower bud differentiation, so they cannot be cultivated in the hot season, otherwise they will form cut flower bulbs, hair bulbs and coke buds. Therefore, broccoli requires stricter sowing time.
Broccoli requires sufficient light, but it does not require strict sunshine. It is hi and humid, but it is not tolerant to drought and intolerant to waterlogging. It has strict water requirements. Especially in the nursery stage, drought prevention and flood prevention are the focus of seedling management. It is required that the seedbed soil be loose, fertile and has good water retention and seepage performance.
Second, nursery methods
Breeding methods of broccoli are related to its variety characteristics and cornice arrangement. The eastern coastal areas of Zhejiang Province generally use open field sowing and shade nets to cover temperature and add agricultural film to cover rain.
Third, strong seedling standards
30 to 35 days old, 5 to 6 true leaves, robust growth, no pests and diseases, thick stems, short internodes, large and thick leaves, normal color, good root development, fibrous roots well-developed, plant growth and tidy.
IV. Seedbed preparation
1. Seedbed selection Breeding of broccoli should be selected with high dryness, well-drained, airy and light-transmitting, containing loose soil with abundant organic matter, and requires that no cruciferous vegetable fields be planted in the last two years for the seedbed. Seedlings are required to leave a seedbed at a ratio of 1:20. The seedbed plows the soil 1 week before sowing, applies 25 kg of compound fertilizer per 667 square meters, and applies full-depth planting; the seedling plant is 2 meters wide and groove width is 40~50cm, height is 15~20cm, deep groove sorghum; seedling finishing requirements Loose on the loose, thin, flat, smooth surface.
2. Seedbed disinfection Export broccoli nursery should strictly implement the national vegetable pollution-free production operating procedures, seedbed disinfection use 25% Lei Duomi 500 times liquid plus 40.7% Loe Si 800 to 1000 times before spraying seedbed disinfection and sterilization Kill the underground pests.
3. Weeding before weeding to reduce the damage of weeds during nursery, and at the same time reduce the cost of raising seedlings. We can use dryland herbicide Dole with good safety and broad spectrum of herbicides. The dosage is 70% Dole EC 20mL plus 15kg of water. Spray the noodles before and wet the seedbed.
4. Soil moisture regulation before sowing Broccoli nursery in the completion of the above work, at the same time, we must adjust the seedbed soil moisture, soil moisture is too little, affecting the seed germination sprout; humidity is too high, it will cause the soil to get rid of bad seeds. Therefore, the principle of water regulation before broccoli sowing is that the glutinous rice cake is soaked in the surface and the water in the gingival sulcus can not only reduce the porosity between the soils, but also prevent the broccoli seeds from affecting the seedlings deeply. Moreover, it has been proved that the degree of dryness and wetness of the soil and the emergence of the seedlings are good or bad. D.
Fifth, sowing
1. Determine the reasonable sowing date The main basis for the determination of the sowing date is the variety characteristics, weather conditions and cultivation purposes. The sowing dates for the special early-maturing cultivars such as green wind and breeze on the eastern coast of Zhejiang are from mid-July to mid-August; the early sowing cultivars such as the excellent sowing date are in the middle and mid-August; the mid-maturing cultivars such as the green belt and the sowing date for the marathon From late August to early September, late maturing varieties such as Meilv 90 and Fuxing are sown from mid-September to early October.
2. Determining a reasonable seeding rate The seed of broccoli is small. In order to ensure the number of seedlings used in the field, and to allow the seedlings to have sufficient growth space, it is necessary to scientifically calculate the amount of field seed. The formula is: Seed dosage (g/667 square meters) = [Seedlings/667 square meters (1 + safety factor)] 1000-grain seed germination rate. The germination rate of qualified seeds is more than 85%, and the safety factor for raising seedlings is 80%. The current 1000-grain weight of the main cultivars is 3.17g, green tape 3.6g, Mei green 90 is 5.56g, Chaoli 2.96g, and Fuxing 3.94g. After calculating 667 square meters, the amount of field used is excellent 12g, green belt 15g, Meilv 90 is 20g, super power 12g, Fuxing 15g.
3. Seeding sowing must be uniform, seedlings often use fine sand dressing seeds dry seed live method, the broccoli seeds evenly sown in a well-prepared seedbed. The sowing time should be selected in sunny evening or cloudy days. Generally, the seeds of broccoli should not be covered with fine dirt after sowing, but after sowing, the seeds should be sprayed with fine spray nozzle to make the seeds closely contact with the surface of pods, and then cover the surface of 2-3 layers. Shade net shade cooling and moisturizing.
Sixth, seedbed management
1. Germination and Emergence Management Broccoli requires 2~3 days and nights from sowing to emergence. The time is short, but the management requirements are high. The focus should be on observation. Starting from the overall environmental conditions at the seedling stage, attention should be paid to the adjustment of temperature and moisture. . The entire germination period must be observed in the field in the morning, afternoon, and evening three times a day to observe the germination of the seeds, the dryness and wetness of the soil on the surface of the crop, the intensity of the sunshine, or the drainage of the field on rainy days. From July to September, under sunny high temperature conditions, germination and emergence mainly rely on watering to regulate soil temperature, so that the soil temperature is maintained at a suitable temperature of 25~30°C to facilitate normal emergence. Watering can be done in the afternoon and evening. Avoid rainy weather after watering. During this period, the mulch covers the shade of 2 to 3 days and nights to cool and prevent rain, and the shade nets are removed in time when the two cotyledons begin to turn green after emergence.
2. The management of seedlings in the basic vegetative period The cotyledons turn green until the 2 leaf 1 heart period is the basic vegetative period of the broccoli seedlings. The cotyledon of the broccoli seedlings unfolds and turns green and enters into an independent autotrophic phase where the root growth and malabsorption occur. , or seedling temperature is too high, are easy to make seedlings grow and develop poorly. With the growth, expansion and leaf area expansion of true leaves, the role of the cotyledons after the two-leaf and one-heart period was gradually lost. This period of management is the key to nurturing strong seedlings. Management mainly focuses on these aspects of the work. First, it is timely to build a small arch shed and cover the shade net. From 8 am to 4 pm on sunny days, shade nets are used to cool down, and shade nets are removed during the rest of the year. Cloudy days and light rain do not cover the nets. Interval-covering time lasts for one week. The second is to strengthen water management. After the rain, the gutters should be drained in a timely manner to ensure that no water accumulates in the field; on sunny days, the soil surface should be watered and watered in a timely manner. The third is to prevent typhoons and heavy rain. Pay close attention to the forecast of severe weather such as typhoon and heavy rain. Before the onset of typhoon and rainstorm, do a good job of disaster prevention measures. You can cover the small arch shed with agricultural film, and then use an arch rod to wind the agricultural film into a vent every 2m. Ventilation and dehumidification, each two arch rods with a pile head to play a film, cover the top of the plastic film shade net and nylon rope or film line with the pile head tightened and fixed. After the typhoon and heavy rain, facilities such as agricultural film and shade nets were promptly removed to prevent the seedlings from becoming leggy. The fourth is to strengthen the prevention of pests and diseases. From the time of emergence to the time of 1 leaf stage, 40.7% of Locust 800 times and 3% of Jinggangmycin 500 times were used to prevent the damage of cotyledon and prevent the occurrence of damping-off and damping-off. 2 leaf 1 heart period and then 75% chlorothalonil 1000 times plus 3% Jinggangmycin 500 times liquid to prevent damping-off and damping-off.
3. Rapid growth period of seedling management The seedlings entered the rapid growth period after the 2 leaf 1 heart period, and 90% of the seedling growth was formed in this period. At this time, the temperature is still high, and the roots are formed and grow rapidly. In order to cultivate strong seedlings, the management of this period should be based on control. Management mainly focuses on these aspects of the work: First, continue to do a good job in preventing typhoons and heavy rain. The method refers to the growth period of basic nutrition of seedlings. The second is to continue to do a good job see dry, see wet water management work, rather dry not wet. The third is to do the work of seedlings with two leaves and one heart period, so that the growth space of seedling seedlings can reach a uniform level of 10 square centimeters and ensure that 667 square meters of seedlings can reach 50,000. The fourth is to control the fertilization during the growth of the whole seedlings, but the weak seedlings can be applied with a small amount of urea to promote the balance. The fifth is to strengthen the control of insect pests. During the occurrence period of insect pests, 5% Ruijinte 1500 times liquid can be used to control Plutella xylostella and Pieris rapae, as well as rapeseed meal; with 20% Mi 1000 times solution plus 10% beta-cypermethrin 1500 times solution to control Spodoptera exigua and Spodoptera litura; with 10% imidacloprid 3000 times control aphids.
Seven, seedlings, nursery and management
After the management of the above-mentioned series of measures, the seedlings must be planted in Daejeon in time for 5-6 leaves. 2 days before transplanting, a small amount of urea should be used to start the application of fertilizer, check and control the pests and diseases, so that the seedlings with medicine and fertilizers can be transplanted with strong mud. When raising the seedlings, the nursery is irrigated to prevent root damage, and the same large seedlings are selected for growing. After watering, the seedlings were watered in time to facilitate the growth and development of the young seedlings.
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