How to manage walnut trees in spring? Generally speaking, spring is a key period for the production of walnuts. The management of this stage can be ensured to ensure the normal development of walnuts. Spring management of walnuts is mainly concentrated in late February to early May.
1 Soil and water management
(1) Soil management. Planting leguminous grasses between the rows of walnut gardens, such as alfalfa and white clover, the forage is more than 1 m from the trunk, and castrated 2 or 3 times a year to improve soil fertility. The walnut tree is covered with straw or mulch to reduce evaporation of water and inhibit weed growth.
(2) Fertilization. Fertilization before germination, after flowering, and in young fruit period, mainly with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, 50-100 grams of pure nitrogen per square meter of crown projection area of ​​1 to 5 years old trees, pure phosphorus and pure potassium 30-60 grams After 5 years, the amount of topdressing increased with the increase of tree age and yield. Female flowers are sprayed with 300 to 500 times of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution at the initial flowering stage, and sprayed once more after 15 days.
(3) Watering. Walnut trees are sensitive to soil moisture, and drought can not produce normal results, while soil water accumulation takes a little longer, leaves fall off, and even trees die. Before germination and after flowering, each irrigation should be irrigated once, and then the soil should be watered in a timely manner. In case of heavy rain, when there is water on the surface, it should be drained in time.
2 plastic trim
Spring pruning of walnuts is carried out within 20 days before germination. The pruning methods include bud, bud, sparse, short, slow and retract.
(1) Single-layer high-level happy shape. The tree structure is: the height of the tree is 2.5 to 3. 0 meters, the height of the trunk is 60 to 70 centimeters, and the center is dried with 12 to 14 large branches, separated by 15 to 20 centimeters, arranged in an empty space, all the branches are flattened, and the top of the tree La Zhi is happy. The single-layer high-position happy shape is the main promotion tree of walnut trees in Xingtai City, and is mainly suitable for densely planted walnut gardens with a plant spacing of 5-6 m × 2~3 m.
After planting, it is dried at 70 to 75 cm from the ground. In the middle and late August, in addition to the central extension of the branches, the new shoots were all flattened (angle ≥ 90 °), and the branches were cultivated. In late March of the next year (before germination), the central extension of the branch leaves 40 to 45 cm short, promoting new shoots, raising new shoots and cultivating large branches. In the 4th or 5th year, 12 to 14 large branches are cultivated, and the central stems are extended and the branches are slowly released and leveled.
(2) The backbone is layered. The tree structure is: tree height 3. 0 ~ 5. 0 m, trunk height 80 ~ 100 cm, 5 ~ 7 main branches, the main branch base angle 60 ~ 80 °, divided into 2 ~ 3 layers. 3 to 4 main branches of the first layer, 2 to 3 lateral branches per main branch; 2 to 3 main branches of the second layer, 1 to 2 branches per main branch; 1 to 2 main branches of the third layer, each main 1 至1. 5米。 The branch side branch, the layer spacing 1. 3 ~ 1. 5 meters.
This tree shape is suitable for rare trees, scattered trees and intercropping gardens. The tree shape is characterized by a semi-circular crown, good ventilation and light transmission, strong combination of the main branch and the trunk, many branches, more results, large load, high yield and long life. However, the crown of the fruit is easy to be closed, the sputum is easy to be bald, and the yield is reduced.
In the year of planting or leap year, select 3 branches with uniform distribution and strong growth at a height of 80 cm above the ground. The base angle is not less than 60°. As the first layer of main branches, the distance between adjacent main branches in the layer is not less than 20 cm. . Trees with poor growth potential and few hair branches can be cultured in 2 years. Two or three strong branches are selected on the main branch to be cultivated as side branches. The lateral branches are better with the anticline side, and it is forbidden to leave the lower branches. The first side branch is at a distance from the base of the main branch, the late real walnut is 60-80 cm, and the early walnut is 40-50 cm. If only 2 layers are left, the layer spacing should be above 1.5 meters.
After 4 to 5 years of planting, the tree structure is initially fixed, but the skeleton of the canopy has not yet formed. Each year, the backbone branches of the various sections are extended to promote branching. Adjust the growth potential of the backbone branches at all levels, so that the main branches and side branches of each level are balanced. To increase the base angle too strongly, or to remove the excessive side branches, especially to control the competition branches. When the center is weak, the auxiliary branches can be kept in the center; the weak branches can raise the branches.
(3) Naturally happy shape. The tree structure is: There is no central dry, there are 2 to 4 main branches, and each of the main branches has three left and right side branches. Under the fertile conditions of the soil, the dry or erect cultivar, the dry height is 0.8 to 1.2 m; the early dense planting and high yielding garden, the dry height is mostly 0.7 to 1. 0 m. The main branches are not layered, and the main branches are 20 to 40 cm apart. According to the number of main branches, the happy shape can be divided into two main branches, three main branches and multiple main branches, and the three main branches are more common. This tree shape is mostly used for the transformation of small and medium-sized crown dense plantations or rare planted large crown trees.
After drying, choose 2 to 4 strong branches with uniform distribution as the main branch, which can be selected once or twice, and the growth potential of adjacent main branches should be consistent. Each main branch can leave 3 left side branches, and the side branches should be evenly distributed. The distance of the first side branch from the center is about 60 cm. If the tree is large, the secondary side branch can be selected on it. The number of secondary side branches on the first branch of the first main branch was 1 to 2, and the resulting branch group was cultured. The number of the first side branches of the second main branch is 2 to 3.
3 thinning flowers and thin fruit
(1) Shu Xionghua. Mature male walnut trees are several to several times as large as female flowers. Male flower development consumes a large amount of water and nutrients in the tree. The amount of male flowers is 5% to 10%, and the male inflorescence is the best time to be removed when it begins to expand.
(2) Thinning fruit. Generally, when the diameter of young fruit is 1. 0 to 1. 5 cm, the fruit is scattered, 60 to 80 fruits per square meter of crown projection area, 2 fruits for long fruit branches of 15 cm or more, 5 to 15 cm of fruit branches, 5 cm The following short fruit branches do not leave fruit. The fruit on the weak branches is first removed, and the sputum can be used to reduce the fruit.
4 pest control
(1) Diseases. The main diseases of walnuts are: walnut tree rot disease, walnut anthracnose, walnut black spot disease, walnut grapevine cavity ulcer disease, walnut black disk spore blight and so on. Control methods: 1 strengthen management, increase the application of organic fertilizer, improve the disease resistance of the tree; 2 timely remove the diseased leaves, diseased fruit, concentrated burning or deep burial to reduce the source of the disease; 3 spray 5 Baume sulphur sulphur mixture before germination, Or 50% carbendazim WP 800 times solution; 4 before the onset or mild onset, continuous spraying 2 ~ 3 times of fungicide, 50% carbendazim WP 1000 times, 21% peracetic acid water 400 ~ 500 times liquid, é“果安500 ~ 800 times liquid alternately used.
(2) Pests. The main pests of walnuts are: walnut limb moth, walnut ruler, thorn moth, chafer and so on. Control methods: 1 In the early spring, combine the land preparation, deep turn the tree tray, kill the wintering insects; 2 Before the adults are unearthed, apply 25% phoxim capsules in the tree tray and shallowly simmer; from October to early May, use black light Light traps adult insects; 4 in the young larval stage, spray 10% beta-cypermethrin EC 1000-2000 times liquid, 1.8% avermectin EC 3000-4000 times liquid or 0.3% matrine water 1000-1500 times liquid.
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