In recent years, the planting range and production scale of large cherries have been continuously expanded, forming the Bohai Bay production area, the Yellow River old production area, the low-altitude production area of ​​the Loess Plateau, the Southwest High-Rise Area and the Xinjiang Desert Edge Production Area, covering more than 20 in China. The provinces, including Shandong, Dalian and Qinhuangdao in the Bohai Bay region are the dominant producing areas.
The ability of large cherry cultivated in open field to withstand severe weather is of great significance for improving the efficiency.
First, the choice of garden
Large cherries are vulnerable to cold, drought, wind, hail and other disasters. When building a garden, you should choose a plot with high terrain, low groundwater level, and low water accumulation. Windbreaks can be built as needed. At the same time, it is necessary to choose sandy loam or loam (pH 6.5-7.5 is suitable) with deep soil, good gas permeability, neutral to slightly acidic, and can not be duplicated with peach trees. Deep soil turnover must be carried out before planting to increase soil permeability and organic matter content and reduce soil bulk density. Soils with loose soil and high organic matter have strong buffering capacity for rainwater, and are more suitable for cultivation of large cherries.
Second, rootstock and variety selection
At present, the large cherry rootstocks mainly include Daqingye, Gisela series, Mahale, and Kent. They have their own characteristics and are different in drought resistance, mites and disease resistance. Therefore, the corresponding rootstock should be selected according to the actual situation. For example, Gisela 5 is strong in dwarfing, and Mahal is resistant to root cancer.
According to the maturity period, the large cherries can be divided into early maturing varieties (fruit development period 30-40 days), medium maturity varieties (fruit development period 40-50 days), and late maturing varieties (fruit development period 50 days or more). Early-maturing varieties include red light, yellow honey, and Italian early red. Pioneer and Naon are late-maturing varieties. It is necessary to select the appropriate varieties of the corresponding mature period according to the local climatic conditions. In recent years, China has introduced Stanley, Labins, Yanhong, Xinxing and other self-cultivating varieties from abroad, with good yield and quality, which is worthy of promotion in production.
Third, plastic trim
Traditional large cherry trees usually have a happy shape. In recent years, dry cultivation has been widely used in newly built orchards, and the spindle shape is a practical tree shape for early fruit and high yield in close planting. The planting density is determined according to site conditions, varieties, shaping methods and management levels, and the row spacing is 2 to 5 m 3 to 6 m. For trees with compact and easy-to-make varieties, such as sand honey beans, Zaosheng Fan, Spakry, Pioneer, etc., the row spacing can be 2 to 2.5 meters 4 meters: strong varieties, such as red light, Mei Zao, Sami For the off-set, a row spacing of 3 m 4 m can be used.
After the large cherry is planted, the results can be started after 3 years of general variety. During the growing season, the main purpose is to use buds, topping, twisting, and thinning. From May to June, the branches of the year are topped and twisted, and the branches are removed from July to August. Winter pruning is mainly to adjust the tree shape appropriately and update the result branch group.
Fourth, pollination
Large cherry begins from flower bud germination, after flowering, leaf spreading, shoot cutting, fruit development, flower bud differentiation, defoliation, dormancy, etc., fruit development period (from flowering to fruit ripening) 30 to 60 days, open field cultivation of large cherry May Mature begins in the second half.
Most large cherry varieties are not self-sufficient or have a low seed setting rate. Suitable pollination trees must be arranged in production. The cultivation ratio of main varieties and pollinated varieties is preferably 3:1 or 2:1. For pollination varieties, it is best to choose varieties with good economic characteristics, large amount of pollen, and basically the same flowering period as the main varieties. In production, Pioneer, Labins, Steiner and Rennie are found to be ideal pollination varieties.
Five, flowering anti-frost
Large cherry is a fruit tree that is warm and cold-tolerant. The average annual temperature is 7 °C ~ 14 °C. When it is higher than 15 °C, it has more flowering and less fruit. During the flowering period, low temperature and rain will cause poor pollination and fertilization and reduce production. The critical temperature of freezing damage in the flower bud stage of large cherry is 1 °C ~ 2 °C, and all flower buds will be frozen after more than 4 hours below -3 °C. Orchard fumigation is an effective measure to prevent spring frost. The key to this method is to keep the smoke above the orchard.
6. Fertilizer management
After the large cherry enters the high-yield period, the management level of fertilizer and water not only affects the current output of the cherry, but also affects the production of the next year. According to the tree age, tree potential, soil fertility and the fertilizer characteristics of the variety, the type, quantity and period of the fertilizer should be mastered. Fertilization should pay attention to several key periods. The first is the application of autumn fertilizer, from September to November, mainly based on organic fertilizer, fertilizing 2000-3000 kg per mu, supplemented with appropriate amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer or micro-fertilizer. The second is topdressing before flowering, mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer. The result is that the plant applies 1.5 kg of urea per plant to promote germination and flowering. Generally, no top dressing should be carried out during hard core development to avoid affecting fruit quality. The third is the topdressing after fruit harvesting. About 10 days after harvesting, the flower buds are highly differentiated. It is advisable to apply quick-acting compound fertilizer, mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and apply 0.4-0.6 kg per plant to increase nutrient accumulation and promote flower bud differentiation.
Large cherry watering can be carried out in the following critical periods. Pre-flowering water: germination to flowering stage, to meet the demand for water in the leaves and flowers, which is conducive to flower bud formation. Promote fruit water: After the flowering, the fruit is ripened before the fruit ripens. At this time, the tree grows vigorously and is most sensitive to water supply. It can be watered 2 to 3 times. Post-harvest water: The fruit is harvested after picking. At this time, the flower buds are concentrated and concentrated, and the amount of water is preferably wetted by the soil. Frozen water: After the application of the base fertilizer in autumn, it is necessary to pour the water. During the period from the whitening of the fruit to the beginning of the coloring period, it is strictly forbidden to flood the water to prevent cracking.
Seven, pest control
The main pests and diseases that harm the big cherry are leaf spot, mulberry, gum disease, spider mites, and red neck beetle. After the leaves fall in winter, the diseased branches and diseased leaves are removed, and they are burned or buried deeply. Spray 3 to 5 waves of sulphur sulphur mixture before spring germination to reduce the number of overwinter worms and reduce the number of pathogens.
1. Leaf spot disease. It usually occurs in May, and the hazard is serious from June to August. It can be sprayed with 65% mancozeb WP 500 times in the long-term shoot speed.
2. Mulberry white. Three generations a year, the generations of nymphs occur in mid-May, July-August and September, and the nymphs cluster on the branches, which can spray 1500 times liquid or 1000-1200 times Liquid control.
3. Flow gum disease. It can occur from April to October, and it is most serious from July to September. It is necessary to scrape the lesions in time and mix them with a mixture of 50% antibacterial and 50% sulfur suspension at a ratio of 1:5.
4. Ye Hao. From the end of May to the beginning of June, the broom sweeps to earn 2000 times liquid control.
5. Red-necked beetle. It can be used to remove the spawning wound on the branches, inject 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate 500 times in the septic hole, seal the larva with the soil, and kill the adult by artificial means.
6. Ye Hao. Six to seven generations occur in one year. In mid-June, adults, eggs, larvae and nymphs coexist, and generations overlap, especially in the years of high temperature and drought. It can be sprayed with 20% scorpion 1000-1500 times liquid or 1.0% Avermant emulsifier 4000 times liquid in the young and nymph active period of 1 to 2 weeks after the big cherry flowering.
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