[Inventory] Highlights in the field of cancer diagnosis in 2015
December 29, 2015 Source: Bio Valley
Window._bd_share_config={ "common":{ "bdSnsKey":{ },"bdText":"","bdMini":"2","bdMiniList":false,"bdPic":"","bdStyle":" 0","bdSize":"16"},"share":{ }};with(document)0[(getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||body).appendChild(createElement('script')) .src='http://bdimg.share.baidu.com/static/api/js/share.js?v=89860593.js?cdnversion='+~(-new Date()/36e5)];In recent years, with the deepening of research, many new types of cancer detection technologies have emerged, such as cancer liquid biopsy technology, microRNA detection tools, imaging tracking technology, etc. This article has taken stock of the research highlights in the field of cancer diagnosis in 2015.
New technology for cancer blood testing
Although the detection of solid tumors is still a routine procedure in cancer diagnosis, modern technologies such as next-generation sequencing have enabled scientists to track the tissue origin of tumors in more detail. Many cells with exfoliated tumors have vesicles called exosomes, and there are traces of DNA entering the blood and other body fluids. Recent studies have shown that these fragments can be used as markers to monitor disease progression and even help researchers diagnose cancer before symptoms appear.
It was found that tumor DNA is usually detected in blood samples. For example, in a study published in JAMA Oncology on June 5, the researchers examined blood samples from more than 4,000 pregnant women – selected to determine chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus, and identified 3 maternal sufferers. Cancer: 1 case of ovarian cancer, 1 case of follicular lymphoma, and 1 case of Hodgkin's lymphoma. In most of these tumors, even low-grade tumors can be detected by a person's blood.
Such "liquid biopsies" are not just blood and plasma samples. In other studies, researchers linked the risk of postoperative recurrence in bladder cancer patients to DNA methylation levels in urine, detected intestinal cancer DNA in fecal samples, and identified cancer in saliva of patients with head and neck cancer. Related mutations. Previously, this molecular test was used to monitor advanced disease and metastasis. Now, with more and more precise tools, even in the earliest stages of the disease, a small amount of cancer cells and DNA can be found in the blood.
Mysterious MicroDNAs help detect cancer
The strange circular DNA that exists outside the chromosome is not the same as the cell type that produces the DNA incorrectly. These circular DNAs can be used as indicators to detect different types of cancer, and the related research is published in the international journal Cell Reports.
MicroDNAs are such strange circular DNAs that are germline specific. Different cell types, such as prostate cancer cells or ovarian cancer cells, produce and special types of MicroDNAs, which allows MicroDNAs to serve as potential biomarkers to reveal the biological processes of disease development. MicroDNAs are small enough that they can encode any gene, but studies have found that they exist in any cell type in the human body, depending on the errors that occur during DNA replication. MicroDNAs can be produced from the active regions of the genome, as well as from susceptible regions in the genome, causing damage during RNA transcription. A special part of DNA—GC base pairs are often involved in the above process. When transcribed on tightly packed DNA, RNA tends to adsorb to DNA and form a ring structure, which can then be repaired. Remove to produce MicroDNAs.
Precision medicine subverts cancer treatment for the future
Perhaps, as scientists have said, because cancer is fair to all, it adds to the determination to explore this field. At the 2015 Summer Davos Forum, discussions on the use of precision medicine to treat cancer became a topic of concern.
It is not uncommon to use precision medicine for cancer treatment. Is precision medicine the late Apple CEO Stephen? Jobs has won eight years of survival after he has diagnosed pancreatic cancer. In addition, Hollywood actress Angelina? Julie also used gene sequencing to find that breast cancer risk is high and the breast is removed to prevent disease. Scientific medical diagnostic technology is leading people to change and improve the overall medical service level. One of the exciting highlights is the early detection of cancer.
Pathway genomics launches the first biopsy experiment for early cancer detection
Although the head of the liquid biopsy research project has indicated that they are awaiting proof that the technology is capable of detecting cancer in a confirmed patient, including its clinical sensitivity, no high false positive rate, etc., Pathway believes that its platform can have The ability to meet certain threshold detection requirements.
However, the company has not released scientific data on its testing, and this part is usually of most interest, and individuals can get it directly through their doctor or Pathway's website, where the patient's medical and family history will also be The relevant doctors of the company will review and confirm. The new detection chamber is based on targeting next-generation sequencing technologies to identify 96 individual cell mutations that occur in nine cancer-associated genes: BRAF, CTNNB1, EGFR, FOXL2, GNAS, KRAS, NRAS, PIK3CA and TP53. The sister version of the test, Cancer Intercept Monitor, aims not to diagnose early, but to monitor the presence of disease, but also by detecting the same markers and genes.
New research on the diagnosis of cancer using DNA profiling
As the pioneer of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis and other related technologies, Professor Lu Yuming from the Chinese University of Hong Kong first discovered the presence of "drifting" fetal DNA in the peripheral blood of pregnant women, that is, assuming that each milliliter of mother sample is equivalent to 1000 genomes. It contains a total of 1900 mother's chromosome 21, chromosome 1 of 100 euploid fetuses or chromosome 21 of 150 21 trisomy. If the diagnosing doctor finds a difference in 50 chromosomes in the DNA sample, he needs to count hundreds of thousands of molecules to improve the discriminating ability. The research was published in the September 21 issue of PNAS.
Since Professor Lu revealed this important theoretical basis in the last century, his research group has gone further and further in related research fields. He has pointed out that through this method, the entire fetal genome or patient genome can be sequenced and one can be utilized. A quantitative method to search for harmful mutations, Professor Lu recently published a new method to detect differences in plasma DNA (methylation sequencing) in different tissues, and thus identify tissue of genomic variation by identifying plasma DNA. Source, this method of liquid biopsy can reduce the traumatic nature of diagnosis and is used for cancer diagnostic testing, non-invasive prenatal diagnosis, and post-transplant monitoring.
Use diamonds to track early cancer
Although in the popular culture, this small diamond is just a small piece of compressed carbon black that is not of interest to anyone, no one cares, but physicists at the University of Sydney have developed a way to use diamonds in cancer cells. Identify them before they become life threats. Their findings reveal how the nanoscale synthetic version of this gemstone can illuminate early cancers in non-toxic, non-invasive, magnetic field-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
It's not new to use custom chemicals to target cancer, but it's hard for scientists to detect where these chemicals go, because there isn't much way to see if a therapy has been absorbed by cancer, except for biopsy. Researchers led by Professor David Reilly of the College of Physics have studied how nanoscale diamonds can help detect the earliest stages of cancer.
Predicting cancer or not dreaming! British scientists found typical variant genes
People can't predict life, but maybe in the near future, we can know when we will get cancer. Director of the Sanger Institute in the United Kingdom, geneticist Michael? In a report published in Nature Genetics, Stratton and his colleagues studied DNA sequences in 10,000 cancer patients in an attempt to find representative genetic variants.
Every cell in the human body contains DNA, and DNA will mutate. Some mutations are sudden, such as caused by a lot of sunlight or long-term smoking, but some of the mutations are slow and stable, and it damages DNA bit by bit over time, eventually causing cancer. Stratton and colleagues found two typical variations—normally, the older a person is, the more the two genes are mutated. If one's two mutations are faster than the average person, it means he has a higher chance of developing cancer. This discovery may help doctors “predict†cancer and help the medical team tailor treatments for patients.
Chinese female scholars develop new cancer diagnosis and treatment technology
Recently, researchers at Georgia State University have developed a method to better track changes in the tumor and better treat prostate cancer and lung cancer without radiation-related limitations. The relevant research results were published in the Nature issue "Scientific Reports".
In this study, the researchers developed a new imaging agent, named ProCA1.GRPR, and demonstrated that it causes strong tumor infiltration and targets gastrin-releasing peptides that are expressed on the surface of cancerous cells. Body, including prostate cancer, cervical cancer and lung cancer.
Molecular imaging of tumor predictors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can improve our understanding of "pre-clinical and clinical treatment of various cancers and drug activities." However, one of the major obstacles in using magnetic resonance imaging techniques to assess specific disease predictors to diagnose and monitor drug effects is the lack of imaging agents that are highly sensitive and specific, capable of showing differences between normal tissues and tumors. ProCA1.GRPR has great clinical applications and represents an important step in the quantitative imaging of biomarkers without radiation and disease. This information is valuable for staging disease progression and monitoring treatment outcomes.
Non-invasive early diagnosis of liver cancer
Recently, Peking University cooperated with Beijing Shijitan Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University to develop a new non-invasive early diagnosis technology for liver cancer, methyl CpG short tandem amplification and sequencing. This technology achieves early diagnosis of liver cancer by comprehensively sequencing and analyzing abnormally hypermethylated CpG islands in plasma free DNA of patients, and is a breakthrough in cancer diagnosis methods. The findings were published in Cell Research.
Abnormal hypermethylation of CpG islands is a very promising tumor marker that identifies early cancer by detecting free DNA in the blood carrying abnormally hypermethylated CpG islands, but has been slow to progress. The bottleneck is the lack of high-throughput technology that can simultaneously detect large numbers of CpG islands. The technique can simultaneously detect nearly 9,000 CpG islands in one reaction; the detection limit can be as low as 1-2 cells of genomic DNA. The sensitivity of this technique for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma was 94% by combining two classes of plasma CpG island markers. Of particular importance, this technique successfully diagnosed all 15 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with false negative AFP in this study.
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