Flammulina velutipes (Curtis ex Fr.) Sing, also known as mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, conidia, hairy mushroom, etc. Mushrooms belong to the burden
Mycetes, agaricidae, Tricholoma, and genus Vaccinium are widely distributed throughout the world.
Flammulina has a crispy flesh, delicious taste, good taste and rich nutrition. According to the determination, Flammulina contains 18 kinds of amino acids, and ammonia is in 100 grams of dried mushrooms.
The total amount of basic acid was 20.9 grams, of which 8 kinds of amino acids required by the human body accounted for 44.5% of the total, which was higher than that of ordinary mushrooms. The contents of lysine and arginine were respectively
Up to 1.024 grams and 1.231 grams, can enhance the children's intellectual development, Japan called "Chicken mushroom." Flammulina edulis also contains mushrooms, which can prevent and treat
Treatment of hepatitis and gastrointestinal ulcers, lower cholesterol, prevention of hypertension, has an anti-cancer effect and is considered a "superfood."
Flammulina velutipes has a short cultivation cycle, convenient and simple, low cost, a wide range of raw materials, high economic benefits, simple operation techniques, and a convenient friend for farmers
The path to wealth.
First, biological characteristics
(I) Morphological characteristics
The mushroom body is clustered and consists of three parts, the cap, the pleat and the stipe. Cap diameter 1 ~ 7cm, up to about 10cm. When spherical when young, most
The back edge is rolled into a wavy shape. There is a layer of colloidal material on the surface of the cap, which is sticky when wet and shiny when dry; the meat is white, thick in the center, light yellow or yellowish brown
The edge is thin and pale yellow. Flesh white or pale yellow, slightly dense. The stipe is free or curved, 5 to 20 cm long, 12 to 18 mm in diameter, and the shank is slightly finer.
White or light yellow, dark brown base, early solid internal stem, hollow later.
(B) Growth and development conditions
1, nutrition
Flammulina, like other organisms, must ingest certain nutrients. Under natural conditions, Flammulina velutipes is a kind of saprophytic bacterium, only through the action of enzymes
Absorb nutrients from natural cultures. Under artificial cultivation conditions, it takes carbon source, nitrogen source, inorganic salt and vitamin nutrition from the substrate.
The choice of culture medium in culture has a great influence on the yield and quality.
(1) Carbon source Carbon source is the most important nutrient source for growth of Flammulina velutipes. It not only provides carbon, but also serves as a raw material for synthetic carbohydrates and amino acids.
It is also the main component of energy and constitutional cells that supply the life activities of Flammulina velutipes. In nature, Enoki mushroom can use monosaccharides, cellulose, wood in wood
The quality and other compounds supplement the carbon source, but its ability to decompose wood is weak, so the wood chips are suitable for the production of the mushroom after being decomposed by accumulation and fermentation.
(2) Nitrogen source Nitrogen source is an essential raw material for the synthesis of protein and nucleic acid from Flammulina velutipes. Flammulina mycelium can use a variety of nitrogen sources, of which organic
Nitrogen is the best. The lack of nitrogen source affects the growth of silkworms. In the production cultivation, wheat bran, rice bran, corn flour, cottonseed flour, bean flour and the like are usually added to supplement the nitrogen source.
In the vegetative growth stage, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen is better than 20:1; in the reproductive growth stage, 30 to 40:1 is appropriate.
(3) Inorganic salts and vitamins Needle mushrooms need a certain amount of inorganic salts, especially magnesium ions, phosphate ions are euryale
Indispensable. Flammulina is naturally deficient in vitamins B1 and B2 and must be added by the outside world to grow well. It is customary to add cornmeal to the culture medium.
, rice bran and so on.
2, temperature
Flammulina velutipes has different temperature requirements for each growth stage. The temperature range for mycelial growth is 3～34°C, the optimum temperature is about 23°C; fruiting body differentiation,
The required temperature is 10 ~ 15 °C, the most suitable temperature is 12 ~ 13 °C; the original base can be grown in the range of 10 ~ 20 °C, more than 23 °C, the formation of the original base will shrink
disappear. The temperature required for normal growth of fruiting bodies is 5 to 20°C, and the optimum temperature is 8 to 12°C. After the fruiting body has occurred, short-term inhibition of cold wind is performed at 4°C.
Can make the needle mushroom neat, mushroom-shaped round.
3, humidity
During the growth phase of the mushroom mycelia, the water content of the culture material is required to be 60% to 68%. Practice has proved that according to the texture of the culture material, the culture material is appropriately increased.
The water content can play a role in increasing production. If the moisture content of the culture material is less than 50%, the mycelia growth is sparse and the structure is not good; if the moisture content is higher than 75%, the
Poor gas, slow growth of mycelium or stop growing.
The optimum water content of the fruiting body is 65%, and less than 50% of the fruit body will not be formed. The relative humidity of air is maintained at 80%~85 when the primordial differentiation
%; the development phase of the fruiting body requires a relatively high relative humidity of the air. In addition to relying on its own moisture to meet the growth and development of the mushroom, the relative humidity of the air should be
Up to 85% to 95%.
4, air
Flammulina velutipes is an aerobic fungus and must have sufficient oxygen supply for normal growth. Therefore, attention must be paid to the mycelium growth stage and the fruit body development stage.
Ventilate and keep air fresh. In the mycelium growth stage, the oxygen requirement is not strict, but in the fruit body formation stage, sufficient oxygen is needed. no
Then, the mushroom grows slowly, and the stalk is slender. It does not form a cap and becomes a mushroom. The fruit body of Flammulina velutipes is very sensitive to CO2 concentration in the air, when the CO2 content is super
Over 1% inhibits the development of the cap, and when it exceeds 5%, no fruit body can form.
5, light
Flammulina velutipes is a genus of bactericidal bacteria. Mycelium can grow normally under dark conditions, and the primordium can also be formed under complete darkness. The growth stage of fruiting bodies must be
Scattered light has a promoting effect on the formation of fruit bodies.
6, acid and alkaline (pH)
Mushrooms need weakly acidic medium, and mycelia can grow within a pH range of 3 to 8.4. Mycelium growth stage, the optimum pH of the culture material is 4 to 7
In a certain range of PH value, the partial alkali of culture materials will delay the occurrence of fruiting bodies, and the slightly acidic culture materials will have a strong growth of mycelium. Fruiting body at pH 5~
At 6 o'clock, the most rapid production occurred. The pH in the culture medium was lower than 3 or higher than 8 and the hyphae stopped growing or fruiting bodies did not occur.
Second, cultivation technology
1, the cultivation season
Reasonable arrangement of cultivation season is the key to obtaining high quality and quality of bagged mushroom. To make high-yield mushroom, first according to the mushroom mycelium and sub-real
The growth and development requirements of the body on the temperature and other ecological factors and the changes in the local natural temperature, to arrange the preparation time and cultivation season of the mushroom. According to Shandong
The climatic conditions and the cultivation season of the needle mushroom should be arranged from September to November. The cultivation time is too early and the temperature is high. The contamination rate of the bacteria is high; when it is too late, the temperature is low.
Slow bacterial growth, affecting yield, generally 2 to April end of fruiting.
2. Cultivation methods
(1) Construction of Golden Mushroom Groove Shed
1 Shelf width is 1.7m, bottom width is 1.4m, digging is 0.6m, 0.5m wall is built, and the length is generally 20m. When using a shed soil when building a wall, it is naturally formed.
Ditch.
2 Set up the ditch, insert the arch, bamboo 3m long, spacing 0.3 ~ 0.5m, and then use the bamboo sticks to connect the bamboo pieces in sequence.
3 The roof is covered with a plastic film and then covered with wheatgrass straw or straw. The thickness of the grass is subject to no light in the shed, and then covered with a layer of film to prevent
Rain and snow, each side of the shed to leave 3 to 5 vents for ventilation. Leave a drainage ditch between the shed and the shed.
4 Each of the sheds has a grass door on both ends, and the grass door cannot be lighted. After the shed was built, the shed was basically in a dark state.
5 2 days before the material bag of the good bacteria was put into the shed, the closed shed was disinfected, and 2 kg of formaldehyde was used for each shed. One method is to use stoves to heat formaldehyde to make it volatile; another
The method is closed fumigation with potassium permanganate and formaldehyde (1:2).
(2) Planting in greenhouses
Construction of arched sheds: shed direction is 50 meters long and 10 meters wide. The north and south walls are 2 meters high, 0.5 to 1 meters thick, and 2.5 meters high in the middle. The walls are left every 2.5 meters.
Leave a 30 cm square vent on the right. Every 2 to 2.5 meters with wooden sticks on both ends of the wall on the wall, every 5 meters in the middle of the rod with cement upright. In the wooden stick
On every 1 meter, the bamboo poles are erected in a north-south direction. The bamboo poles are covered with plastic film as the roof, so that the plastic film is always covered on both sides of the shed, and the plastic is used for the plastics.
The film is pressed on the ground, and a grass cover is placed on the plastic film on the roof to protect it from light and heat. On the wall at one end of the shed, leave a small door at the north wall to enable access to the car.
In order to transport material.
Keep three sidewalks along the shed, each 40cm, divided into four long rakes, each of which is 1 to 1.2m wide; or leave a 0.7m sidewalk near the north wall, south
Digging in the north, the width is 1m, and a 0.4m sidewalk is left between the two. From north to south, digging earthworms will build the earth excavated on the sidewalks and the ends of the earthworms so that the earthworms will be 20cm deep.
The bag of bacteria can be placed in the bowl.
3, raw material preparation
The raw materials of cultivated mushroom are basically the same as those of oyster mushroom. Cottonseed hulls, waste cotton, sawdust, bean stalks, corn cobs, etc. can all be used as cultivation materials and fresh wood shavings
Used after fermentation or old exposure. Corn cobs and bean stalks need to be crushed with a particle size of about 2 cm.
Culture formula:
1 cottonseed husk (or waste cotton) 100 jins bran 15 jins gypsum powder 1 jin
2 corn cob (or bean) 100 kg bran 10 kg corn meal 5 kg gypsum powder 1 kg
3 cottonseed husk 50 kg corn cob or bean husk 50 jins bran 10 jin cornmeal 5 jin gypsum powder 1 kg
4 corn cob 70 kg cotton seed shell 30 kg bran 10 kg corn meal 5 kg gypsum powder 1 kg
5 sawdust 30 kg cotton seed shell 70 kg bran 10 kg cornmeal 5 kg gypsum powder 1 kg
6 sawdust l00 pound bran 20 pounds cornmeal 5 pounds gypsum powder 1 pound
The above formula is for reference, other materials can be reasonably matched according to the above data.
4. Spices
How much of a batch of spices depends on the capacity of the sterilization stove, do not have to remain to prevent rancidity. Generally 20m long shed needs about 3,000 kg dry material, bagging 4300 ~
4 bags. Greenhouses are planted for 50m in length, 8 to 10m in width, and 1.5 to 20,000 kilograms of material, about 30,000 bags.
During the seasoning, the main ingredients of the cottonseed hull or sawdust shall be spread on the ground first, and then the bran, cornmeal, gypsum and other auxiliary materials shall be evenly spread on the main material.
After 2-3 turnovers, the main materials and auxiliary materials are fully mixed, and then water is added. If the temperature is high, add appropriate amount of lime powder to avoid acid. material
The ratio of water to water is generally 1:1.2 to 1.4. The moisture content of the culture material is one of the important factors that determine the timing of the mushroom production and the level of production. The water content is too low.
Mushrooms late, low yield; moisture content is too high, the mycelium grows slowly, and susceptible to bacteria. Generally, every 100 kilograms of dry material needs to add water 120-140
The amount of water should be between 6 and 7. It is advisable to dribble 1 to 2 drops of drops of water between the fingers when the culture material is squeezed.
5, bagging
Bags should be bagged immediately after mixing. Bag size is generally 17cm30cm～33cm. If you are not using finished bag, you should put one end of the bag in advance.
Make a good tie to make it airtight. When carrying bagging, the bag is compacted, and the tie is tied to the live buckle. Generally, about 0.65 pounds of dry material per bag can be loaded, and the bagging is tight and tight.
Poor ventilation, affect the growth of mycelium, there are gaps between too loose film, easily contaminated with bacteria. The bagging of spices must be completed on the same day to prevent rancidity.
6, sterilization
After the bag is placed in the sterilizer, it must be fired so that the temperature of the material reaches 100°C within 6 hours and it is kept stable for 20 hours. 2 hours after the ceasefire, unload the bag,
Cooling in moving sheds should be handled with care in order to avoid contamination of bags, contamination of bacteria, etc. If a ruptured bag is found, pick it out in time.
7, access to bacteria
When the temperature of the bag falls below 25°C, the bacteria will be inoculated and the bacteria will be disinfected for 2 hours before the bacteria is inoculated. If the bag is to be disinfected with formaldehyde, it should be carried out 12 hours in advance. Before sterilization, strains and
When the inoculation equipment is placed in the shed, if there is a strong formaldehyde odor in the bacteria, an appropriate amount of ammonia or ammonium bicarbonate may be added to neutralize the formaldehyde with volatile ammonia.
Inoculation of bacteria is usually a group of 3 to 4 people, one inoculation, 2 to 3 people Zhakou, 2-3 per group, inoculated personnel to wear clean, hands, tools to use 75
% of alcohol scrubbing disinfection, contact with the bacteria species of the tool to use the alcohol burner flame burning cooling after use, generally 500g bottle strains then 25-30 bags.
8, germination period management
After the bacteria is inoculated, the natural temperature becomes bacteria, the natural temperature in the general shed is between 15 and 20°C, the mycelial growth range is 3 to 34°C, and the optimum temperature is around 23°C.
According to normal conditions, the mycelium was eaten and dried in about 30 days. If the inoculation time is early, the temperature is high, at this time should pay attention to high temperature burning bacteria, put the thermometer in the bag and bag
If the temperature is found to exceed 28 °C, immediately ventilate and invert the bag; if the inoculation time is late, the temperature in the shed is low, you can take the bacterial bag concentrated germ, every day
Go to the shed to use the sun and other measures.
9, fruiting period management and harvesting
When the hyphae eats half of the material, the bags can be discharged. After 4 to 5 days, the mouth is released and the mycelium is sent to the two-thirds of the bag.
In the mouth, cover the mulch and fill the shed with water to increase the humidity. If the temperature in the greenhouse is above 15°C, cool it sooner or later. Under normal circumstances, each morning and evening
Ventilate once, about 20 minutes each time. According to the growth of mushroom, the ventilation time can be increased or decreased as appropriate. If the stipe is fine and the mushroom cover is small, it is caused by insufficient oxygen.
At this time, the ventilation time should be appropriately extended; if the mushroom cover is large and the stipe is short and thick, it is necessary to reduce the number of ventilation or not to ventilate until the growth of the mushroom suitable for the market demand.
. If the temperature is suitable, there will be a large number of buds on the bag mouth after about seven days of opening, and harvesting will take about seven days. The temperature range of the fruiting body of the mushroom is 4 to 20
°C, the optimum temperature 8 ~ 15 °C.
Generally in the stipe length 12 ~ 18cm, mushroom cover diameter 0.5 ~ 1.5cm can be harvested. No need to spray water during the growth of mushroom, as long as the irrigation in the shed
Keep the temperature in the shed.
After each mushroom is harvested, it is necessary to increase the amount of ventilation, spray water on the surface of the material for two days, twice a day, and water the shed, and then normal management, about ten days.
A large number of mushroom buds grow around. Generally 4-6 can be harvested.
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