According to the survey, large areas of summer maize production in Hebei, Henan, and Shandong provinces have reached a high level of 600 kilograms per acre, with small blocks and large areas of high-yield plots abound. For example, the five-acre summer corn planted by Li Guoying, an individual farmer in Wen County, Henan Province, has achieved an unprecedented 700 kilograms per mu. Another example is that several high-yielding demonstration fields in Baizhai and Wangzhuang townships in Quzhou County of Hebei Province have achieved a good yield of about 700 kilograms per mu, and individual small plots have even reached a super high-yield level of 800 kilograms.
Looking back at the whole process of the summer maize production season in 2012, it can be clearly seen that the good generality of this year's harvest is mainly from two aspects, namely the objectively favorable climatic conditions and the subjective overall rising production and management level. Among them, it is worthwhile to seriously summarize the fertilization strategies for high yield summer corn.
Different Fertilizer Strategies in Summer Maize Production
The so-called fertilization strategy refers to how to arrange the number of times of application and each sub-component and application period after the total amount of fertilizer is determined. According to the survey, the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer used in large-scale production in 2012 is generally in the range of 10-15 kg of net nitrogen per mu. As regards the adoption of a low limit or a high limit, localities can be differentiated by differences in production targets and differences in ground forces. From a large area of ​​production, there are two different types of summer corn fertilization strategies, mainly in the difference in the number of fertilization. The first type is one-time fertilization with only basic fertilizer; the second type is divided fertilization strategy, which is basically applied twice in different times, that is, base fertilizer and topdressing are applied separately, individual super-high-yield plots, and there are three fertilizations. A base fertilizer, top dressing twice. In addition, the period of different fertilization is not the same, dressing early is the beginning of the jointing period, commonly known as the small bell-mouth period, the middle period is the big bell mouth period, the latest is the silking period.
Effects and Benefits of Different Fertilization Strategies
The statistical difference in the level of production is visible. Under the same nitrogen application rate, the strategy of primary basal fertilizer application did not show higher yield, generally reaching the level of 600 kg per mu; under the condition of total nitrogen control, the basal fertilizer and top dressing were applied separately and the secondary fertilizer application strategy was adopted. The production level is generally more than 600 kilograms per mu, and many of these plots have reached a yield of 700 kilograms per mu.
For the case cited in this paper, where the output level reaches 700 kilograms per mu, two fertilization strategies are used. The technical essentials of this fertilization strategy are: 35 to 40 kg of ternary compound fertilizer for base fertilizer, and single nitrogen fertilizer for top dressing. Urea 10-15 kg per acre. The top-dressing period is set at the jointing stage of summer maize, and it can be appropriately advanced or shifted according to different conditions of the seedling condition and land condition. According to the leaf age indicator, it is generally suitable during the period of 9-11 leaves.
The ratio of nitrogen in basal fertilizer and top dressing is usually 1:1 or 2:3. Excessive loss of nitrogen in the basal fertilizer resulted in insufficient nitrogen supply in the later period. In addition, if the production target is set at the level of super-high yield, the fertilization strategy will increase one additional fertilizer. The second time of top dressing should be from silking to the initial stage of grain filling, and the amount of nitrogen need not be much.
The different effects of the two fertilization strategies on fertilizer use efficiency and nutrient loss rate can be shown through calculations. Fertilizer utilization is calculated by production. Different yields were obtained for the same input, and the difference in nitrogen use efficiency between the two fertilization strategies was calculated to be over 10%. Look at the difference in nutrient loss rate is also very significant.
Since the growth of summer maize is in the high-temperature rainy season in North China, if a one-time fertilization strategy is adopted, a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the base fertilizer. After a strong leaching effect in the late June and July rainy seasons, the corn will be spit-out in the early summer of August. During the silk season, when it enters the peak period of nitrogen demand, it will inevitably cause the deficiency of fertilizer and reduce the fact that the late grain filling will cause the output to be low. At the same time, it shows that the loss of nitrogen during this period is very large. Where did nitrogen go? It entered the atmosphere and waters. However, the secondary fertilization can guarantee the supply in the later period, which not only meets the needs of later grouting, but also reduces the loss and reduces the pollution to the environment.
From the perspective of economic efficiency, secondary fertilization has increased labor input compared with primary fertilization, which is also the biggest difficulty in current agricultural production. However, if the application of top-dressing machines is strengthened and the work efficiency is improved, then the balance calculations are still effective.
In short, from the viewpoint of comprehensive economic and social benefits, the improvement of fertilization strategies is a major issue and should attract attention from all aspects of production and management, and strive to improve in the summer of 2013.
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